Parallel Norms: File‐Sharing and Contemporary Copyright Development in Australia

Abstract

This article studies contemporary Australian copyright and contrasts this to a large-scale online survey on file sharing in order to analyse the seemingly parallel and non-compliant legal and social norms that they represent. Furthermore, a selection of 3,575 Australian respondents to an online survey is compared to a near global group of over 96,000 respondents, allowing determining distinctive traits of the Australian respondents. For example, the latter use offline methods for sharing and receive rather than distribute content to a higher extent in comparison to the global group of respondents. Furthermore, Australian respondents also have slightly less predominance of male sharers.

The domestic ecology of Australian subscription video on demand services

“…While qualitative research has been conducted around post-broadcast consumption (Pertierra and Turner, 2013; Turner and Tay, 2009), there is still a lack of independent qualitative evidence around copyright infringement. Existing industry-funded, government and scholarly research around piracy has involved large-scale survey work (see Department of Communications, 2016; Ewing et al, 2014; Larsson et al, 2014; Online Copyright Infringement Research, 2015). 2 This gives us a broad picture of the levels of infringement in Australia but cannot account for the everyday and habitual decisions around media consumption that shape these practices.…”

“…Existing industry-funded, government and scholarly research around piracy has involved large-scale survey work (see Ewing et al 2014;Larsson et al 2014;Online Copyright Infringement Research, 2015;. 2 This gives us a broad picture of the levels of infringement in Australia but cannot account for the everyday and habitual decisions around media consumption that shape these practices.…”

What Norms Are Social Robots Reflecting? A Socio-Legal Exploration on HRI Developers

“…This may be seen as a spectrum or overlap, as social norms can be formalised into legal norms, or work as a supportive informal structure. They may also be in conflict and exist in parallel [18]. Legal norms can be viewed as formalised "ought" statements [17], and for the sake of this analysis, we distinguish between two layers of formal legal norms which emanate from: (1) enforceable laws, such as the GDPR regarding data protection in the European context [19] and (2) non-enforceable guides, such as recommendations, guidelines and standards, usually created by industry representatives of the interest groups or governing bodies, for instance the IEEE Guidelines or the Ethics Guidelines on AI [1,2].…”

An Exploration of Sharing Files and Intellectual Property Rights

“…A reduction in the price of one replacement item results in a fall in the demand for the other substitute item. When mash-up artists freely reproduce portions of an original record, consumers who consider the derivative work to be a close substitute will be less inclined to acquire the original album, according to one study [6] .…”