“…Grammatical Error Correction (GEC), which aims to detect and correct grammatical errors of text, is an important and active research area in natural language processing (Ng et al, 2014;Napoles et al, 2017;Ge et al, 2018;Awasthi et al, 2019;Omelianchuk et al, 2020;Rothe et al, 2021). In this work, we study Chinese GEC (Chang, 1995;Huang et al, 2000;Yu and Li, 2014;Zhang et al, 2015;, which has unique challenges as Chinese language does not have word delimiters (i.e., spaces) in written sentences.…”