Paraffin-wax-coated nitrate salt inhibits short-term methane production in sheep and reduces the risk of nitrite toxicity

Raphélis-Soissan, V. de; Nolan, John; Godwin, Ian; Newbold, J.R.; Perdok, H.B.; Hegarty, R. S.

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.026

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, large doses of NO − 3 -N may cause the accumulation of toxic NO − 2 -N ( Jeyanathan, Martin & Morgavi, 2014 ). Therefore, it is necessary to control NO − 3 -N dosages, or supplement feed with NO − 2 -N reducing agents, to minimize nitrite toxicity ( Jeyanathan, Martin & Morgavi, 2014 ); NO − 2 -N capsules could also be used ( De Raphelis-Soissan et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research progress on the application of feed additives in ruminal methane emission reduction: a review

Sun

Liu

Fan

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Background Ruminal methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants not only pollute the environment and exacerbate the greenhouse effect, but also cause animal energy losses and low production efficiency. Consequently, it is necessary to find ways of reducing methane emissions in ruminants. Studies have reported that feed additives such as nitrogen-containing compounds, probiotics, prebiotics, and plant extracts significantly reduce ruminant methane; however, systematic reviews of such studies are lacking. The present article summarizes research over the past five years on the effects of nitrogen-containing compounds, probiotics, probiotics, and plant extracts on methane emissions in ruminants. The paper could provide theoretical support and guide future research in animal production and global warming mitigation. Methods This review uses the Web of Science database to search keywords related to ruminants and methane reduction in the past five years, and uses Sci-Hub, PubMed, etc. as auxiliary searchers. Read, filter, list, and summarize all the retrieved documents, and finally complete this article. Results Most of the extracts can not only significantly reduce CH4 greenhouse gas emissions, but they will not cause negative effects on animal and human health either. Therefore, this article reviews the mechanisms of CH4 production in ruminants and the application and effects of N-containing compounds, probiotics, prebiotics, and plant extracts on CH4 emission reduction in ruminants based on published studies over the past 5 years. Conclusion Our review provides a theoretical basis for future research and the application of feed additives in ruminant CH4 emission reduction activities.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research progress on the application of feed additives in ruminal methane emission reduction: a review

Sun

Liu

Fan

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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“…Ruminal

{NO}_{3}^{-}

at 6 hr post‐feeding in DEF sheep was numerically greater than in FAU sheep, suggesting that

{NO}_{3}^{-}

might have been absorbed from the rumen into the bloodstream faster in FAU than DEF sheep, consistent with our hypothesis (Wang, Garcia‐Rivera, & Burris, 1961). Nitrate and

{NO}_{2}^{-}

may have been excreted in urine and faeces, metabolised into nitric oxide (Wang et al, 2018), di‐nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide (Raphélis‐Soissan, Nolan, Godwin, Newbold, Eyre, et al, 2017; Raphélis‐Soissan, Nolan, Godwin, Newbold, Perdok, et al, 2017) or recycled via saliva and re‐processed by gut microbes (Leng, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary nitrate and presence of protozoa increase nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen of sheep

Villar

Hegarty

Clay

et al. 2020

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Nitrate ( NO3- ) supplementation is an effective methane (CH4) mitigation strategy for ruminants but may produce nitrite ( NO2- ) toxicity. It has been reported that rumen protozoa have greater ability for NO3- and NO2- reduction than bacteria. It was hypothesised that the absence of ruminal protozoa in sheep may lead to higher NO2- accumulation in the rumen and a higher blood methaemoglobin (MetHb) concentration. An in vivo experiment was conducted with defaunated (DEF) and faunated (FAU) sheep supplemented with 1.8% NO3- in DM. The effects of rumen protozoa on concentrations of plasma and ruminal NO3- and NO2- , blood MetHb, ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ruminal ammonia (NH3) were investigated. Subsequently, two in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the contribution of protozoa to NO3- and NO2- reduction rates in DEF and FAU whole rumen digesta (WRD) and its liquid (LIQ) and solid (SOL) fractions, incubated alone (CON), with the addition of NO3- or with the addition of NO2- . The results from the in vivo experiment showed no differences in total VFA concentrations, although ruminal NH3 was greater (p < .01) in FAU sheep. Ruminal NO3- , NO2- and plasma NO2- concentrations tended to increase (p < .10) 1.5 hr after feeding in FAU relative to DEF sheep. In vitro results showed that NO3- reduction to NH3 was stimulated (p < .01) by incoming NO3- in both DEF and FAU relative to CON digesta. However, adding NO3- increased (p < .05) the rate of NO2- accumulation in the SOL fraction of DEF relative to both fractions of FAU digesta. Results observed in vivo and in vitro suggest that NO3- and NO2- are more rapidly metabolised in the presence of rumen protozoa. Defaunated sheep may have an increased risk of NO2- poisoning due to NO2- accumulation in the rumen.

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“…Plasma NO 3 ¯ and NO 2 ¯ were determined in background samples after deproteinization with 95% ethanol and subsequently analysed in a continuous flow analyser (SAN+ +, Skalar) as described by de Raphélis‐Soissan et al (). For glucose determination, 60 μl of the thawed plasma was subsampled into 1.5 ml sample cups for enzymatic assay and spectrophotometric analysis at 340 nm (Dade Behring Dimension Xpand Plus Integrated Chemistry Analyser).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of dietary nitrate on plasma glucose and insulin sensitivity in sheep

Villar

Godwin

Hegarty

et al. 2019

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Nitrate (NO3¯) is an effective non‐protein nitrogen source for gut microbes and reduces enteric methane (CH4) production in ruminants. Nitrate is reduced to ammonia by rumen bacteria with nitrite (NO2¯) produced as an intermediate. The absorption of NO2¯ can cause methaemoglobinaemia in ruminants. Metabolism of NO3¯ and NO2¯ in blood and animal tissues forms nitric oxide (NO) which has profound physiological effects in ruminants and has been shown to increase glucose uptake and insulin secretion in rodents and humans. We hypothesized that absorption of small quantities of NO2¯ resulting from a low‐risk dose of dietary NO3¯ will increase insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose uptake in sheep. We evaluated the effect of feeding sheep with a diet supplemented with 18 g NO3¯/kg DM or urea (Ur) isonitrogenously to NO3¯, on insulin and glucose dynamics. A glucose tolerance test using an intravenous bolus of 1 ml/kg LW of 24% (w/v) glucose was conducted in twenty sheep, with 10 sheep receiving 1.8% supplementary NO3¯ and 10 receiving supplementary urea isonitrogenously to NO3¯. The MINMOD model used plasma glucose and insulin concentrations to estimate basal plasma insulin (Ib) and basal glucose concentration (Gb), insulin sensitivity (SI), glucose effectiveness (SG), acute insulin response (AIRg) and disposition index (DI). Nitrate supplementation had no effect on Ib (p > .05). The decrease in blood glucose occurred at the same rate in both dietary treatments (SG; p = .60), and there was no effect of NO3¯ on either Gb, SI, AIRg or DI. This experiment found that the insulin dynamics assessed using the MINMOD model were not affected by NO3¯ administered to fasted sheep at a low dose of 1.8% NO3¯ in the diet.

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Paraffin-wax-coated nitrate salt inhibits short-term methane production in sheep and reduces the risk of nitrite toxicity

Cited by 13 publications

References 29 publications

Research progress on the application of feed additives in ruminal methane emission reduction: a review

Research progress on the application of feed additives in ruminal methane emission reduction: a review

Dietary nitrate and presence of protozoa increase nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen of sheep

The effects of dietary nitrate on plasma glucose and insulin sensitivity in sheep

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