Paraffin Wax [As a Phase Changing Material (PCM)] Based Composites Containing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Development

Almousa, Norah H.; Alotaibi, Maha R.; Alsohybani, Mohammad; Radziszewski, Dominik; AlNoman, Saeed M.; AlOtaibi, Bandar; Khayyat, Maha M.

doi:10.3390/cryst11080951

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The peak seen at 3000 cm-1 corresponds to CNT and this is due to stretching of the C=C bonds. The bonds resulting from C-C stretching of the CNT structure are seen at 1000 cm-1 (Almousa et al, 2021). No new bond was formed with the addition of CNT to the PE-wax/waste LDPE mixture, which clarified that there was no interaction between them other than physical interaction while forming the composite.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Waste materials such as industrial by-products, agricultural residues, and municipal solid waste can be used as fillers in C-PCM, providing an environmentally friendly solution for waste management. Several studies have investigated the use of waste materials in C-PCM and have shown that these materials can improve the thermal properties and performance of the TES system while also reducing costs and environmental impacts (Almousa et al, 2021;Ghani et al, 2021;Harmen et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Efficiency Evaluation and Forecasting of the Sussex Ports to Address Climate Change Concerns: a Data-driven Decision Model

AYMELEK,

Kurt

2023

SSRN Journal

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficiency Evaluation and Forecasting of the Sussex Ports to Address Climate Change Concerns: a Data-driven Decision Model

AYMELEK,

Kurt

2023

SSRN Journal

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“…The understanding of beeswax’s thermal behavior is critical in identifying the thermal degradation (or stability) of the substance, the conversion of the substance, and the product formation. The beeswax samples were placed in alumina crucibles under a 100 mL/min flow rate of nitrogen and a 10 °C/min heating rate, using a thermo-balance Discovery SDT 650 (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) [ 21 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Storage Time and Floral Origin on the Physicochemical Properties of Beeswax and the Possibility of Using It as a Phase Changing Material in the Thermal Storage Energy Technology

Al-Shehri

Haddadi

Alasmari

et al. 2022

Foods

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Beeswax is a natural product that is primarily produced by honey bees of the genus Apis. It has many uses in various kinds of industries, including pharmacy and medicine. This study investigated the effect of storage and floral origin on some physicochemical properties of four beeswax samples. The floral origin of the beeswax samples was determined microscopically and the investigated physical properties were the melting point, color, surface characteristics and thermal behavior. The studied chemical constituents were the acid value, ester value, saponification value and the ester/acid ratio. The FT-IR, SEM, EDX, XRD and TGF techniques were applied to meet the objectives of this study. The physical properties of the beeswax were affected by the storage period and floral origin. The melting point of the beeswax samples significantly increased with the increase in the storage time, from 61.5 ± 2.12 °C for the 3 month sample to 74.5 ± 3.54 °C for the 2 year stored sample (p-value = 0.027). The acid values of the 3 month, 6 month, 1 year and 2 years stored samples were 19.57 ± 0.95, 22.95 ± 1.91, 27 ± 1.91 and 34.42 ± 0.95 mgKOH/g, respectively. The increase in the acid value was significant (p-value = 0.002). The ester values of the studied beeswax samples significantly increased with the increase in storage time as follows: 46.57 ± 2.86 mgKOH/g for the 3 month stored sample, 66.14 ± 3.82 mgKOH/g for the 6 month stored sample, 89.77 ± 0.95 mgKOH/g for the one year stored sample and 97.19 ± 1.91 mgKOH/g for the 2 year stored sample (p-value ≤ 0.001). Similarly, the saponification value and the carbon percentages increased with the increase in storage time. Unlike the results of the chemical components, the oxygen percentage decreased with the increase in storage time as follows: 11.24% (3 month), 10.31% (6 month), 7.97% (one year) and 6.74% (two year). The storage and floral origin of beeswax significantly affected its physicochemical properties in a way that qualify it to act as a phase changing material in the thermal storage energy technology.

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“…Air-10 The analysis showed the presence of paraffin oil that could be related to the use of paraffin wax as a protective layer of the anode material or separator [25]. The paraffin oil was released during the increase in cell temperature: at about 55 • C, the wax melted and subsequently (>240 • C), it started to decompose [26]. In addition to paraffin oil, the main peaks due to polyethylene oxide (PEO) were identified [27].…”

Section: Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Key Events and Emissions during Thermal Abuse Testing on NCA 18650 Cells

et al. 2023

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Thermal abuse of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) leads to the emission of gases, solids, fires and/or explosions. Therefore, it is essential to define the temperatures at which key events occur (i.e., CID activation, venting, and thermal runaway (TR)) and to identify the related emissions for identifying the hazards to which people and especially rescue teams are exposed. For this purpose, thermal abuse tests were performed on commercial lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) 18650 cells at 50% state of charge in a reactor connected to an FT-IR spectrometer by varying test conditions (feed gas of N2 or air; heating rates of 5 or 10 °C/min until 300 °C). In particular, the concentrations of the gases and the composition of the condensed-phase emissions were estimated. As regards gases, a high concentration (1695 ppmv) of hydrofluoric acid (HF) was measured, while the emissions of condensed matter consisted of organic compounds such as polyethylene oxide and paraffin oil, and inorganic compounds containing Li (0.173 mg/m3) and Al (0.344 mg/m3). The main safety concerns were caused by the temperatures (564 ± 85 °C) reached by the cell during TR, by the HF concentration which exceeded the toxicity limits of 30 ppm, the IDLH defined by the NIOSH, and the diameter of the particles (1.54 ± 0.69 µm) that rose the PM2.5 concentration. These results are also useful for identifying personal protection equipment for rescue teams.

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Paraffin Wax [As a Phase Changing Material (PCM)] Based Composites Containing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Development

Cited by 16 publications

References 28 publications

Energy Efficiency Evaluation and Forecasting of the Sussex Ports to Address Climate Change Concerns: a Data-driven Decision Model

Energy Efficiency Evaluation and Forecasting of the Sussex Ports to Address Climate Change Concerns: a Data-driven Decision Model

Effect of Storage Time and Floral Origin on the Physicochemical Properties of Beeswax and the Possibility of Using It as a Phase Changing Material in the Thermal Storage Energy Technology

Identification of Key Events and Emissions during Thermal Abuse Testing on NCA 18650 Cells

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