Paradoxically functioning onco-miR-155 and the tumor suppressor miR-194 consensus on PD-L1 immune checkpoint upregulation via MALAT-1 and XIST in hepatocellular carcinoma

MicroRNA‑155 modulation of CD8+ T‑cell activity personalizes response to disease‑modifying therapies of patients with relapsing‑remitting multiple sclerosis

“…Accumulating evidence has demonstrated non-coding RNAs as pivotal tools in targeting the molecular make-up of MS pathogenesis and miR-155 has multiple roles in innate and adaptive immunity (15,23,24). Its role in carcinogenesis has been studied previously in various cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its immunomodulatory role in regulating the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand 1 (PDL-1) pathway has been highlighted (25,26). Specific upregulation of miRNA-155 is witnessed in various immunopathologic conditions including MS (27), rheumatoid arthritis (28), and systemic lupus erythematosus (29,30) where it affects both T lymphocyte and blood-brain barrier functions (31).…”