Paradoxical sleep in the chick (Gallus domesticus)

Schlehuber, C; Flaming, Dale G.; Lange, G. David; Spooner, Charles E.

doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(74)90860-8

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Multiple potentially interacting factors may contribute to the variability in reports of REM sleep ontogeny in chickens. As noted by Schlehuber et al [33], when compared to older chicks, EEG activity during REM sleep was less differentiated from that occurring during non-REM sleep in newly hatched chicks ( see also [42]). As a result, this may have led to different interpretations as to what constitutes REM sleep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Several studies have reported that REM sleep as a % of total sleep time (%REM sleep) declines with age from higher amounts occurring shortly (0 – 8 h) after hatching [30,31,40,41]. However, others have reported lower %REM sleep in newly hatched chicks [33]. Multiple potentially interacting factors may contribute to the variability in reports of REM sleep ontogeny in chickens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In altricial mammals – those born with relatively immature brains and dependent upon parental care – this occurs before and after birth [21-24], whereas in precocial mammals – those born with relatively mature brains and less dependent upon parental care – the decline in REM sleep occurs primarily before birth [25-29]. Similar age-related declines in REM sleep have been reported in birds [30-32], but the evidence remains contradictory across studies [33] and confounded by factors other than age that might influence REM sleep (e.g., temperature [34], see Discussion). In mammals, the age-related decline in REM sleep and subsequent experimental work [17,35] suggest that the awake-like brain activity occurring during REM sleep plays a role in directing brain development [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Linking melanism to brain development: expression of a melanism-related gene in barn owl feather follicles covaries with sleep ontogeny

et al. 2013

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BackgroundIntra-specific variation in melanocyte pigmentation, common in the animal kingdom, has caught the eye of naturalists and biologists for centuries. In vertebrates, dark, eumelanin pigmentation is often genetically determined and associated with various behavioral and physiological traits, suggesting that the genes involved in melanism have far reaching pleiotropic effects. The mechanisms linking these traits remain poorly understood, and the potential involvement of developmental processes occurring in the brain early in life has not been investigated. We examined the ontogeny of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a state involved in brain development, in a wild population of barn owls (Tyto alba) exhibiting inter-individual variation in melanism and covarying traits. In addition to sleep, we measured melanistic feather spots and the expression of a gene in the feather follicles implicated in melanism (PCSK2).ResultsAs in mammals, REM sleep declined with age across a period of brain development in owlets. In addition, inter-individual variation in REM sleep around this developmental trajectory was predicted by variation in PCSK2 expression in the feather follicles, with individuals expressing higher levels exhibiting a more precocial pattern characterized by less REM sleep. Finally, PCSK2 expression was positively correlated with feather spotting.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that the pace of brain development, as reflected in age-related changes in REM sleep, covaries with the peripheral activation of the melanocortin system. Given its role in brain development, variation in nestling REM sleep may lead to variation in adult brain organization, and thereby contribute to the behavioral and physiological differences observed between adults expressing different degrees of melanism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Linking melanism to brain development: expression of a melanism-related gene in barn owl feather follicles covaries with sleep ontogeny

et al. 2013

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“…Very shortly after, Michel Jouvet in Lyon, France, as well as other workers over the years, reported that REM sleep episodes occurred in all mammalian species investigated and was seen also in other vertebrates, but in limited amounts (Jouvet et al 1959;Jouvet and Valatx 1962;Ruckebusch 1962;Adey et al 1963;Faure et al 1963;Roldan et al 1963;Hartmann et al 1967;Shurley et al 1969;Cicala et al 1970;Schlehuber et al 1974;Latash and Galina 1975;Allison et al 1977;Siegel et al 1996Siegel et al , 1999. REM sleep was shown to be a universal phenomenon in mammals and dream sleep in humans could no longer be relegated solely to the occult or to the psychoanalytic couch.…”

Section: The Neural Control Of Rem Sleepmentioning

confidence: 89%

Brain mechanisms that control sleep and waking

Siegel

2004

Naturwissenschaften

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This review paper presents a brief historical survey of the technological and early research that laid the groundwork for recent advances in sleep-waking research. A major advance in this field occurred shortly after the end of World War II with the discovery of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) as the neural source in the brain stem of the waking state. Subsequent research showed that the brain stem activating system produced cortical arousal via two pathways: a dorsal route through the thalamus and a ventral route through the hypothalamus and basal forebrain. The nuclei, pathways, and neurotransmitters that comprise the multiple components of these arousal systems are described. Sleep is now recognized as being composed of two very different states: rapid eye movements (REMs) sleep and non-REM sleep. The major findings on the neural mechanisms that control these two sleep states are presented. This review ends with a discussion of two current views on the function of sleep: to maintain the integrity of the immune system and to enhance memory consolidation.

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“…In acute preparations, a slow wave pattern develops and increases in amplitude, becoming almost continuous by about the 18th day of incubation when the chick electroencephalograph (EEG) is "essentially mature" (Corner, Bakhuis, & van Wingerdern, 1973). Sleep in the newborn chick was first examined by Klein (1963) and more recently by Hishikawa, Cramer, and Kuhlo (1969), Schlehuber, Flaming, Lange, and Spooner (1974), and Saucier and Astic (1975). In all these studies the states of waking, SWS, and PS could be discerned, although the exact percentages varied widely.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal study of bioelectric activity in the pre‐ and post‐hatch chick

Speciale¹,

Nowaczyk²,

Jouvet³

1976

Developmental Psychobiology

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A technique for embryonic implantation and the subsequent recording of electrocortical, neck muscle, and ocular activity continously from the 20th day of incubation through hatching and the first few days thereafter is demonstrated. The embryonic maturation of the EEG, with a characteristic muscle burst pattern heralding hatching was found, supporting previous reports obtained with acute preparations. The technique for injection into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) vessels or direct deposition onto the CAM is also described. The usefulness of the embryonic neurophysiological implantation coupled with the injection at specific stages of development is discusses as an approach to the understanding of the parameters of the maturation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, neurochemistry, and behavior.

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Paradoxical sleep in the chick (Gallus domesticus)

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Linking melanism to brain development: expression of a melanism-related gene in barn owl feather follicles covaries with sleep ontogeny

Linking melanism to brain development: expression of a melanism-related gene in barn owl feather follicles covaries with sleep ontogeny

Brain mechanisms that control sleep and waking

A longitudinal study of bioelectric activity in the pre‐ and post‐hatch chick

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