Paradoxical sleep and dreaming in the mentally retarded

Petre-Quadens, O; Jouvet, Michel

doi:10.1016/0022-510x(66)90049-9

Cited by 42 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The discrepancy between the results obtained by Petre-Quadens and Jouvet [54] and by Feinberg et al [20] and our results may be because these authors mainly investigated adult subjects. Long lasting mental retardation with convulsions and myelination deficits [1,13,22,45,56] rather than a disturbance in the noradrenaline/serotonin balance may account for the decreased amount of REM sleep found by these authors in many different mental retardates including subjects with PKU.…”

Section: Relevance Of Results In Relation To Biochemical Theories Of contrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Long lasting mental retardation with convulsions and myelination deficits [1,13,22,45,56] rather than a disturbance in the noradrenaline/serotonin balance may account for the decreased amount of REM sleep found by these authors in many different mental retardates including subjects with PKU. Petre-Quadens and Jouvet [54] did all night recordings and Feinberg et al [20] even studied several consecutive nights, whereas our results are based on the analysis of a few total sleep cycles. After a pilot study with all night recordings in three children with PKU and three normal children showed no difference in the distribution of quiet versus active sleep, we did not pursue this further.…”

Section: Relevance Of Results In Relation To Biochemical Theories Of mentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Petre-Quadens and Jouvet [54], as well as Feinberg et al [20], found abnormal sleep distribution with a trend toward low values for REM in patients with mental retardation from various causes, including a few with PKU. Inasmuch as blood and cerebrospinal fluid serotonin is low in PKU, these results do not support Jouvet's theory on serotonin as a quiet sleep transmitter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Sleep Patterns in Hyperphenylalaninemia: A Lesson on Serotonin to be Learned from Phenylketonuria

et al. 1973

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ExtractSleep behavior and bioelectric brain development have been studied by means of polygraphic recordings (respiration, eye movements, muscle activity, and electroencephalogram (EEG)) in 22 infants and young children with phenylketonuria (PKU). The EEGs were analyzed by a special visual pattern recognition program as well as by means of computer spectral analysis. The distribution between rapid eye movement (REM) or active and non-REM (NREM) or quiet sleep was not found to be different from control infants of the same age. Quite contrary to current theories on the biochemical regulation of sleep as derived from acute animal experiments, our results indicate that, under chronic conditions, a normal sequence of quiet and active sleep can be maintained despite a severe lack of blood and cerebrospinal fluid serotonin as it occurs in hyperphenylalaninemia. In the EEG of subjects with PKU the development of a rhythm or sleep spindle (12-16 cps) activity was enhanced and already abnormal as early as 5 weeks after term birth. The frequency of a waves as well as of hypnagogic, monomorphic, 6 activity was shifted toward higher values. Dietary treatment of 4-6 weeks duration and normalization of blood phenylalanine levels did not significantly change the abnormal bioelectric phenomena. SpeculationThe increase in high frequency regular rhythmic activity in the sleep EEG of subjects with PKU can be explained by decreased concentrations of inhibitory synaptic transmitters such as serotonin and 7-aminobutyric acid. The developmental course in the expressivity of sleep spindles during the 1 st year of life, together with reliable methods of quantified EEG analysis, seems to be a rather sensitive indicator of normal or abnormal brain maturation. Introductionshould be, in theory, alterations of sleep behavior be-

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Section: Relevance Of Results In Relation To Biochemical Theories Of contrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Relevance Of Results In Relation To Biochemical Theories Of mentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Sleep Patterns in Hyperphenylalaninemia: A Lesson on Serotonin to be Learned from Phenylketonuria

et al. 1973

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“…Akert summarizes 17 cases of excessive sleep associated with pathologically verified lesions of the brain stem (1). In mental retardates Petre-Quaden and Jouvet found a wide variation in the proportion of REM sleep with amounts as high as 40% in the under 15 age group (125). Over this age the proportion of REM sleep was less than normal.…”

Section: Sleep Patterns In Psychiatric Disordersmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sleep and Psychiatric Disorder

Ja¹

1968

Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal

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A review of some of the important recent findings on sleep and its disorders has been presented and they provide some insight into the mysterious process of sleep. Sleep is shown to be a very complex process which will require not only extension of the current researches but a revised approach into the areas covered by previous studies. Sleep is a unique state quite different from other phenomena of loss or change of consciousness. It is distinguished from hypnosis which may involve more the specific arousal system of the thalamus. Hypnotic blindness for example does not involve sleep changes but rather a reversal of the electrical activity of the visual cortex (38). Although there appears to be a system which alerts the sleeping organism to meaningful stimuli it seems that there is little evidence of significant new learning during sleep (12, 120, 153). Rather sleep involves the focusing of the activity of the central nervous system on its internal processes. Sleep produces a state of relative bodily inactivity but the central nervous system remains actively engaged in a restorative process not yet understood. The discovery of the REM state has shown the complexity of sleep. No study of the effect of physical or chemical stimuli on the nervous system during sleep will be adequate without the examination of effects and responses in the different phases of sleep. The lack of success of continuous sleep therapy may be in part due to suppression of REM sleep by the sedatives used (23). It should be stated, however, that clinical studies are also needed to supplement the more sophisticated and expensive scientific procedures. There are still many areas of controversy on the phenomenology of sleep disorder which need investigation.

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“…Psychophysiological research in mental retardation has demonstrated that lowered amounts of the REM stage of sleep appear in retardates (5,11). This observation gains further importance since it has also been found that the amount of stage REM positively correlates with intelligence quotient and social quotient measures (2,3).…”

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confidence: 89%

The Temporal and Periodic Organization of REM Eye Movements in Mental Retardation

Krynicki¹

1976

Neuropsychobiology

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Time trends and periodic cycles in REM sleep eye movements were examined in 6 functional and 6 mongoloid adolescent retardates. Both groups of subjects showed approximately equal percentages of linear trends, quadratic trends, linear and quadratic trends, and absence of trend. The eye movement time-series were subject to an orthogonal spectral analysis. In both groups of subjects, peak spectral estimates generally occurred at 10.6- or 21.3-min periods. Following this, the eye movements of the longest REM periods (and one long period of pre-sleep wakefulness) were subject to a least-squares spectral analysis. This analysis yielded estimates ranging from 22 to 44 min. Eye movements lacked the ultradian organization previously reported for eye movements of normal subjects. These results imply that the ultradian organization of REM sleep and the ultradian organization of eye movements may be independent.

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Paradoxical sleep and dreaming in the mentally retarded

Cited by 42 publications

References 5 publications

Sleep Patterns in Hyperphenylalaninemia: A Lesson on Serotonin to be Learned from Phenylketonuria

Sleep Patterns in Hyperphenylalaninemia: A Lesson on Serotonin to be Learned from Phenylketonuria

Sleep and Psychiatric Disorder

The Temporal and Periodic Organization of REM Eye Movements in Mental Retardation

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