Paradoxical reactions to commonly used drugs

Efeito rebote dos fármacos modernos: evento adverso grave desconhecido pelos profissionais da saúde

“…In a manner analogous to the homeopathic model of treatment that employs drugs that cause changes and symptoms similar to those exhibited by the ill individual (principle of therapeutic similitude) for more than 2 centuries, a novel therapeutic approach known as "paradoxical pharmacology" is emerging within modern conventional pharmacology. According to that approach, "exacerbating a disease might make use of the organism's compensatory and redundant mechanisms to achieve a beneficial long-term response" [105][106][107][108][109] (use of the bidirectional or biphasic effect).…”

"˜Paradoxical pharmacology": therapeutic strategy used by the "˜homeopathic pharmacology" for more than two centuries

“…Although incompletely understood, the clinical paradoxical effect occurs when conflicts arise at different levels in selfregulating biological systems, as complexity increases from subcellular components (channels, enzymes, receptors, transporters, organelles, etc.) to cells, tissues, organs, and the whole individual [56][57][58][59][60].…”

Therapeutic use of the rebound effect of modern drugs: "New homeopathic medicines"

“…[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Similarly, since the beginning of our studies, we have been suggesting the use of modern drugs in accordance with the principle of therapeutic similarity, proposing the use of drugs that cause adverse events similar to the manifestations of diseases in order to treat them homeopathically, using the rebound effect (paradoxical reaction) in a curative manner. 2,3,9,10,11,13,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] In this study, we elaborate on this proposal in accordance with the assumptions of the homeopathic model and the fundamentals of modern pharmacology, describing existing research and a specific methodology for the therapeutic application of the rebound effect of modern drugs, suggesting the use of this practice in a complementary and adjuvant manner 34 in a myriad of diseases and syndromes.…”

“…Among these, we can cite the use of biphasic oral contraceptives to promote ovulation and rebound pregnancy in women with functional sterility and the use of central nervous system stimulants (methylphenidate) to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 39,40 paradoxical pharMacology [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] A strategy suggested by Richard A. Bond in 2001, 14 paradoxical pharmacology proposes the therapeutic use of the paradoxical effects of drugs (secondary reactions of the organism with the opposite nature to the primary effects of the drugs).…”

“…to cells, tissues and organs. [15][16][17][18][19] Present in any physiological system, these paradoxical and bidirectional effects occur due to varying mechanisms: different actions on the same receptor, due to temporal effects (for example, beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity); stereochemical effects (for example, salbutamol); multiple receptor targets, with or without associated temporal effects (for example, procainamide); antibody-mediated reactions (for example, heparin-induced thromboembolism); pharmacokinetic effects of competing compartments (for example, bicarbonate); interruption and non-linear effects on systems (for example, dopaminergic agents); systemic overcompensation (for example, antiretroviral therapy and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome); other higher level feedback mechanisms (for example, digoxin) and multilevel feedback cycles (for example, isotretinoin-associated acne fulminant), and more.…”