Paradoxical Duel Role of Collagen in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Cause of Inflammation and Treatment

Abstract

In biology, collagen-biomaterial regulates several signaling mechanisms of bone and immune cells involved in tissue repair and any imbalance in collagen turnover may affect the homeostasis of cells, becoming a major cause of several complications. In this case, the administration of oral collagen may play a potential role in returning cells to their normal function. For several decades, the beneficial effects of collagen have been explored widely, and thus many commercial products are available in cosmetics, food, and biomedical fields. For instance, collagen-based-products have been widely used to treat the complications of cartilage-related-disorders. Many researchers are reporting the anti-arthritogenic properties of collagen-based materials. In contrast, collagen, especially type-II collagen (CII), has been widely used to induce arthritis by immunization in an animal-model with or without adjuvants, and the potentially immunogenic-properties of collagen have been continuously reported for a long time. Additionally, the immune tolerance of collagen is mainly regulated by the T-lymphocytes and B-cells. This controversial hypothesis is getting more and more evidence nowadays from both sides to support its mechanism. Therefore, this review links the gap between the arthritogenic and anti-arthritogenic effects of collagen and explored the actual mechanism to understand the fundamental concept of collagen in arthritis. Accordingly, this review opens-up several unrevealed scientific knots of collagen and arthritis and helps the researchers understand the potential use of collagen in therapeutic applications.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Based Analysis ofIn VivoPolymers and Collagen Scaffolds Inducing Vascularization

“…In the clinical use of polypropylene polymer-based meshes, inflammation has been found to be a prevalent adverse effect (10)(11)(12). Collagen-based scaffolds were also associated with inflammation, but to a lesser degree (13)(14)(15). Another contentious matter regarding the utilization of biomaterials is their capacity to stimulate angiogenesis and achieve vascularization (16)(17)(18).…”

A bioactive and biodegradable vitamin C stearate-based injectable hydrogel alleviates experimental inflammatory arthritis

“…5 In RA, the degradation of the cartilage matrix, particularly collagen and proteoglycans, contributes to the creation of an inflammatory microenvironment through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), 6 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (Nf-kβ), 7 interleukin-1β (IL-1β), 8 esterases, 1 matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), etc. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Reportedly, the ten-eleven-translocation-2 (TET2) protein has a prominent role in inflammation through T-cells and macrophages. 17,18 TET2 mutations or dysregulation have been associated with changes in immune cell population and functions.…”

“…5 In RA, the degradation of the cartilage matrix, particularly collagen and proteoglycans, contributes to the creation of an inflammatory microenvironment through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), 6 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (Nf-kβ), 7 interleukin-1β (IL-1β), 8 esterases, 1 matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), etc . 9–16…”

Collagen constitutes about 12% in females and 17% in males of the total protein in mice

“…1 a, Supplementary Table 1 ), it might be essential to have a reference point for collagen levels in tissues and entire organisms. For instance, quantification of collagen levels is important in different disease settings, such as fibrosis (too much collagen deposition 4 and 45% of all human deaths 5 ), immune-induced degradation of collagen in arthritis 6 , 7 ), more collagen and stiffer tumor environment 8 , 9 , excessive collagen in skin diseases (scleroderma, keloids) 10 , 11 , cancer patient survival correlates with specific collagen types 12 , fibrotic collagen remodeling in cardiovascular diseases 13 , 14 , and aging usually associated with lower collagen levels 15 .…”