Paradigmatology and its Application to Cross-Disciplinary, Cross-Professional and Cross-Cultural Communication

Abstract

Summary Paradigmatology as a science of structures of reasoning which vary from culture to culture, from profession to profession, and sometimes from individual to individual is outlined, and communication difficulties between paradigms are discussed. Three paradigms are used as examples: (a) hierarchical, unilateral, homogenistic, universalistic, categorical, classificational, deductive, rank‐ordering, competitive paradigm with predetermined universe; (b) individualistic, isolationists, random, nominalistic, atomistic, statistical, probabilistic, egocentric paradigm with thermodynamically and informationally decaying universe; (c) mutualistic, reciprocally interactive, heterogeneity‐creating, network‐structured, relational, contextual, complementary, symbiotic paradigm with self‐generating and self‐organizing universe based on mutual causality and post‐Shannon information theory. Paradigmatologie et son Application à la Communication entre des Domaines de Spécialisation différents, entre des Professions et entre des Cultures

The Egg and the Spiral

“…The problem may be directly observable, or may not be directly approachable, so that indirect methods may be needed. When linking different viewpoints and connecting bits of information into her body of knowledge, the therapist develops what Maruyama (1974) calls a ''polyocular vision '' or ''polyocular viewpoint'' (pp. 184-187), which allows her to gain information about complex events which often evade direct observation.…”

Cross-disciplinary Science and the Structure of Scientific Perspectives

“…Kuhn (1996Kuhn ( [1969 we in this paper focus on the synchronic disagreements between different perspectives and the consequences of the historical differentiation of science into different fields, disciplines and schools, in line with Maruyama (1974). The Kuhnian tradition in general focuses on theories and language, though there are some who take a more cognitive approach (Chen 1997, Andersen et al 2006).…”

“…Using a term first used by Magoroh Maruyama (1974Maruyama ( , 1978Maruyama ( , 2004 in cross-cultural and organization studies, we characterize such second order learning processes as polyocular communication based on second order observations. That is, a second order perspective does not directly observe the research object; it performs second order observations of the first order scientific perspectives observing the object, and in this sense it manifests one multi-perspectival or polyocular view of the object (see Figure 2 for an example).…”

Heterogenistics: An epistemological restructuring of biological and social sciences

“…Furthermore, their characterization in this paper is quite oversimplified. More complex analysis is found elsewhere (Maruyama 1974). Let us abbreviate the five epistemologies as folfows:…”

“…However, Islamic, Hindu and Chinese philosophies, which westerners often refer to as 'Eastern' philosophies, are much closer to the western philosophies than to Sub-Sahara African, Japanese or American Indian ways of thinking. (Maruyama 1974;Camara 1975;Noda 1975).…”