Paradigm shift in the diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants: scoping review

Abstract

Peste des petits ruminants virus causes a highly contagious disease, which poses enormous economic losses in domestic animals and threatens the conservation of wild herbivores. Diagnosis remains a cornerstone to the Peste des petits ruminants Global Control and Eradication Strategy, an initiative of the World Organisation for Animal Health and the Food and Agriculture Organisation. The present review presents the peste des petits ruminants diagnostic landscape, including the practicality of commercially available diagnostic tools, prototype tests and opportunities for new technologies. The most common peste des petits ruminants diagnostic tools include; agar gel immunodiffusion, counter-immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction either gel-based or real-time, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification, reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assays, immunochromatographic lateral flow devices, luciferase immunoprecipitation system and pseudotype-based assays. These tests vary in their technical demands, but all require a laboratory with exception of immunochromatographic lateral flow and possibly reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assays. Thus, we are proposing an efficient integration of diagnostic tests for rapid and correct identification of peste des petits ruminants in endemic zones and to rapidly confirm outbreaks. Deployment of pen-side tests will improve diagnostic capacity in extremely remote settings and susceptible wildlife ecosystems, where transportation of clinical samples in the optimum cold chain is unreliable.

Development of Nanobodies Targeting Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: The Prospect in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy

“…Multiple wildlife and atypical host species can be infected with PPRV, which poses diagnostic challenges in multi-host system testing [ 3 , 15 , 16 ]. Commercially available serological and molecular diagnostic tools to detect PPRV infection were mainly developed for domestic sheep and goats [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Thus, accurate diagnosis and standard protocols for interpretation of PPR diagnostic tests in atypical host species need to be established.…”

“…The differences between PPRV H cELISA and neutralisation tests in buffalo sera have also been reported, indicating that differential antiviral immune responses among host species may affect the serology and interpretation of results [ 24 ]. The serological tool spectrum for PPR diagnosis (Virus Neutralization Test, immunochromatographic lateral flow devices, blocking ELISA, pseudotype-based neutralization assays, and PPR-Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System) have inherent strengths and weaknesses that require parallel optimization and validation [ 17 , 25 ]. Diagnostic tools to detect active infection, such as antigen ELISA and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), are critical to the prompt implementation of control measures [ 26 ].…”

Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on CD150/SLAM for the Detection of Peste des Petits Ruminant Virus

“…In order to achieve this goal, effective diagnostic tools play a vital role for the timely diagnosis of the disease. Antigen detection methods such as the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID)/AGPT, counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), dot enzyme immunoassays, and differential immunohistochemical staining on tissue sections were initial diagnostic methods, but these techniques are less sensitive and unreliable for use in the routine diagnosis of PPR (13). With the advancement of molecular biology, advanced techniques like virus isolation, RT-PCR and its variants, PCR ELISA, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) have been developed (14)(15)(16)(17).…”

Diagnosis Challenges and Control Strategies of Transboundary Diseases Presenting with Respiratory Signs in Small Ruminants in Developing Countries: Emphasis on Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia and Peste Des Petits Ruminants

“…A number of tests can be deployed in the diagnosis of PPR, which includes virus isolation, serological and molecular techniques [18]. Currently, virus isolation in primary cell cultures is up to 1000 times less effective than in lymphoid cells containing a glycoprotein known as Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM).…”

“…Currently, virus isolation in primary cell cultures is up to 1000 times less effective than in lymphoid cells containing a glycoprotein known as Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM). The later paves the way to the use of new cell line (BST-34) technique which performs even better than the known Vero Cells [19,18]. The serological diagnosis of PPR targets the antibodies to the pathogen or pathogen [20,15] and these include the virus neutralization or immunodiffusion.…”