Parabens and their effects on the endocrine system

Nowak, Karolina; Ratajczak–Wrona, Wioletta; Górska, Maria; Jabłońska, Ewa

doi:10.1016/j.mce.2018.03.014

Cited by 332 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…in 2012 . Since the first publication, numerous studies have been reported about environment outcomes and the effects on human health resulted from the exposure to those substances ,. Those studies described potential estrogenic and carcinogenic activity of parabens, which classifies them as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling Ultrasound to the Electro‐Oxidation of Methyl Paraben Synthetic Wastewater: Effect of Frequency and Supporting Electrolyte

et al. 2018

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In this paper, electrooxidation of methyl paraben (MeP) is studied by electrolysis only and electrolysis coupled with sonolysis, using a diamond electrode. Complete mineralization of MeP was achieved for both processes, in chloride and sulfate media. Results showed that, although the oxidation of pollutant is faster in the presence of chloride, the mineralization is favored in sulfate medium. Ultrasound irradiation enhanced the removal of organic matter due to the activation of oxidant species in both supporting electrolytes. Moreover, the formation of chlorine gas in the chloride containing medium improves the ultrasound cavitation effect, promoting faster depletion of the total organic carbon in the first hour of treatment. Regarding the formation of more toxic products, all possible organochlorinated intermediates were removed, since complete mineralization was attained in less than 5 hours. Ultrasonic coupling to the electrolysis process accelerates the destruction of the intermediates and delays the formation of perchlorate, which only begins after the complete removal of the total organic carbon. Low and high ultrasound frequencies were evaluated and were found to produce different effects of cavitation, which affect the electrolysis in different ways. The final result will be a balance between these effects and thus, an optimum frequency can be established for different systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling Ultrasound to the Electro‐Oxidation of Methyl Paraben Synthetic Wastewater: Effect of Frequency and Supporting Electrolyte

et al. 2018

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“…Their estrogenic activity could also be related to the carcinogenic potential of parabens as they were extracted from human breast tissue (Darbre et al, 2004). Parabens were also detected in various types of biological samples such as semen and menstrual blood, confirming systemic human exposure daily (Nowak, Ratajczak-Wrona, Gorska, & Jabło nska, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Sublethal exposure to propylparaben leads to lipid metabolism impairment in zebrafish early‐life stages

Perugini

Merola

Amorena

et al. 2019

J of Applied Toxicology

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Parabens are widely used in cosmetics, toiletries, food and pharmaceuticals. Toxicological effects of parabens on human lipid metabolism are not well established. The present study used the early‐life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to determine the toxicity of propylparaben (PP). The embryos were exposed for 96 hours postfertilization (hpf) at five different concentrations of PP, and lethal and sublethal alterations were recorded daily. The lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value was 3.98 mg/L. The most common sublethal alterations recorded at 1 and 2 mg/L were an enlarged and misshaped yolk sac, hyperexcitability, and reduction in head size and swim bladder. At sublethal concentrations of 1 and 2 mg/L, we observed an altered lipid metabolism, in terms of decrease in neutral lipid mobilization from yolk and alteration of phospholipid metabolism, both in the body and in the yolk sac. These observations were combined with strong head cartilage defects, indicating a strong effect of PP on head development. This research demonstrates that PP interferes with lipid utilization in zebrafish during early‐life stages that might be involved in neurological and skeletal abnormalities.

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“…Sulfate and glucuronide of parent and ester hydrolysis to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (Abbas et al, 2010;Genies et al, 2018;Jewell et al, 2007;Nowak, Ratajczak-Wrona, Górska, & Jabło nska, 2018) Resorcinol 5 >240 55 ± 8.5…”

Section: ± 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of human liver and EpiSkin™ S9 subcellular fractions as a screening assays to compare the in vitro hepatic and dermal metabolism of 47 cosmetics‐relevant chemicals

Eilstein

Grégoire

Fabre

et al. 2020

J of Applied Toxicology

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The abundance of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) is different in the skin and liver; therefore, it is important to differentiate between liver and skin metabolism when applying the information to safety assessment of topically applied ingredients in cosmetics. Here, we have employed EpiSkin™ S9 and human liver S9 to investigate the organ‐specific metabolic stability of 47 cosmetic‐relevant chemicals. The rank order of the metabolic rate of six chemicals in primary human hepatocytes and liver S9 matched relatively well. XME pathways in liver S9 were also present in EpiSkin S9; however, the rate of metabolism tended to be lower in the latter. It was possible to rank chemicals into low‐, medium‐ and high‐clearance chemicals and compare rates of metabolism across chemicals with similar structures. The determination of the half‐life for 21 chemicals was affected by one or more factors such as spontaneous reaction with cofactors or non‐specific binding, but these technical issues could be accounted for in most cases. There were seven chemicals that were metabolized by liver S9 but not by EpiSkin S9: 4‐amino‐3‐nitrophenol, resorcinol, cinnamyl alcohol and 2‐acetylaminofluorene (slowly metabolized); and cyclophosphamide, benzophenone, and 6‐methylcoumarin. These data support the use of human liver and EpiSkin S9 as screening assays to indicate the liver and skin metabolic stability of a chemical and to allow for comparisons across structurally similar chemicals. Moreover, these data can be used to estimate the systemic bioavailability and clearance of chemicals applied topically, which will ultimately help with the safety assessment of cosmetics ingredients.

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Parabens and their effects on the endocrine system

Cited by 332 publications

References 105 publications

Coupling Ultrasound to the Electro‐Oxidation of Methyl Paraben Synthetic Wastewater: Effect of Frequency and Supporting Electrolyte

Coupling Ultrasound to the Electro‐Oxidation of Methyl Paraben Synthetic Wastewater: Effect of Frequency and Supporting Electrolyte

Sublethal exposure to propylparaben leads to lipid metabolism impairment in zebrafish early‐life stages

Use of human liver and EpiSkin™ S9 subcellular fractions as a screening assays to compare the in vitro hepatic and dermal metabolism of 47 cosmetics‐relevant chemicals

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