Papillomaviruses in equids: A decade of discovery and more to come?

Jones, Sarah

doi:10.1111/eve.13506

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…No pathological changes were observed in the tissue histologically. Generally, EcPV2 is more commonly detected in SCC samples than in tissues of healthy horses, supporting its role as an oncogenic virus (Jones, 2022;. One limitation is the low yield of DNA, a common issue with this sample material, which makes it difficult to confirm negative results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2)‐associated benign penile lesions and squamous cell carcinomas

Tuomisto,

Virtanen,

Kegler

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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BackgroundSquamous cell carcinoma is the most common genital, ocular and gastric tumour in horses. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) DNA has been detected in several studies in equine penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and precursor lesions providing evidence of a causal role of EcPV2 in equine genital SCCs. Recently, EcPV2 E6/E7 nucleic acids were also detected in equine gastric SCCs, but further studies are required to determine the role of EcPV2 infection in the pathogenesis of gastric SCC. EcPV2 nucleic acids have been rarely described in ocular SCCs and precursor lesions.ObjectivesTo investigate the presence of EcPV2 nucleic acids with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridisation (ISH) in penile hyperplasias, papillomas and SCCs in horses and to determine whether EcPV2 nucleic acids can be detected in SCCs affecting other locations, including the stomach, ocular tissues and larynx.MethodsTwenty‐one archival formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples, including 12 genital lesions comprising penile hyperplasias, papillomas and SCCs, 6 ocular SCCs, 2 gastric SCCs and 1 laryngeal SCC, were screened by PCR and ISH for EcPV2 E6/E7 DNA and mRNA. Archival FFPE tissue samples (eyelid and penile mucosa and preputium) from six horses without a diagnosis or history of neoplastic or papillomavirus‐associated disease were included as controls.ResultsEcPV2 nucleic acids were detected by PCR and ISH in all genital lesions (12/12) and gastric SCCs (2/2), in two ocular SCCs (2/6) and in one laryngeal SCC (1/1). In control horses, one eyelid sample was positive in PCR but not in ISH. The remaining control samples were negative for EcPV2 E6/E7 nucleic acids in PCR and ISH.ConclusionsThese results further support the role of EcPV2 infection in the development of equine genital SCCs and suggest that EcPV2 infection may also act as a predisposing factor for other SCCs in horses, including gastric, ocular and laryngeal SCCs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2)‐associated benign penile lesions and squamous cell carcinomas

Tuomisto,

Virtanen,

Kegler

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…PVs are present in a wide genetic variety in humans and increasing numbers of PVs have been isolated and characterised in a variety of other animal species, where they have been linked to a variety of medical conditions 26 . Notably, PVs have been reported to cause cervical cancer in humans, 27,28 and various diseases in equids, including equine aural plague 29 and equine sarcoid 30 . They also induce teat papillomatosis in dairy cows, 31 and cause cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in dogs and cats 32 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel equid papillomavirus from domestic donkey

Ikechukwu

Qin

Zhang

et al. 2023

Equine Veterinary Journal

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BackgroundPapillomaviruses can be of great medical importance as they infect humans and animals such as Equus species, other livestock and pets. They are responsible for several papillomas and benign tumours in their host.ObjectivesTo describe a novel equid papillomavirus detected in oral swab samples collected from donkeys (Equus asinus) found on the Northwest plateau of China.Study designCross‐sectional.MethodsSwab samples collected from the oral mucosa of 32 donkeys in the Gansu Province of China, were subjected to viral metagenomic analysis to detect the presence of Papillomavirus. After de novo assembly, a novel papillomavirus genome designated as Equus asinus papillomavirus 3 (EaPV3) was identified in the studied samples. Additional bioinformatic analysis of the assembled genome was done using the Geneious prime software (version 2022.0.2).ResultsThe complete circular genome of EaPV3 is 7430 bp in length with a GC content of 50.8%. The genome was predicted to contain five ORFs coding for three early proteins (E7, E1, and E2) and two late proteins (L1 and L2). Phylogenic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the concatenated amino acid sequences of the E1E2L1L2 genes revealed that EaPV3 is most closely related to Equus asinus papillomavirus 1 (EaPV1). The genome analysis of EaPV3 revealed similar genome organisation with other equine papillomavirus and the presence of E7 papillomavirus oncoprotein.Main limitationsSince there were no warts in the oral cavity of the donkeys in this study, and no biopsy samples taken, we are unable to conclusively link the novel virus to any clinical condition in the donkeys.ConclusionsThe Comparative characterisation of EaPV3 and its closest relatives, as well as phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that it is a novel virus specie that clusters within the Dyochipapilloma PV genus.

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