Paper Spray and Extraction Spray Mass Spectrometry for the Direct and Simultaneous Quantification of Eight Drugs of Abuse in Whole Blood

Espy, Ryan D.; Teunissen, Sebastiaan F.; Manicke, Nicholas E.; Ren, Yaoyu; Ouyang, Zheng; Asten, Arian C. van; Cooks, R. Graham

doi:10.1021/ac5016408

Cited by 171 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Extraction/spray solvent Some spray solvents commonly found in the literature include 90:10:0.01 methanol:water:acetic acid [8], 90:10 acetonitrile:water [5,9], and mixtures of methanol and chloroform [4,10]. Acetic or formic acid is often added in the spray solvent to encourage analyte protonation and to improve spray stability.…”

Section: Sample Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spent cartridge is ejected after analysis. Several papers have been published using this automated system [4,10,16].…”

Section: Automation and Throughputmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the methodology and specific aims of papers differ, they have a common theme in showing that PS-MS can detect and quantify therapeutic drugs [12], [1], [8], [18], [6], [11], [17], [4], [19], [15], [20], [21] and drugs of abuse [9], [5], [10] (including designer drugs [22], [23]). In many cases, these drugs and metabolites are detected at clinically or physiologically relevant concentrations with good quantitative performance directly from biofluid.…”

Section: A Xenobioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This information gives some insight into the areas that paper spray MS has been applied and what its capabilities are. Depending on the molecule, it has been shown that the limits of detection can be in the sub-ng/mL range [8], [6], [11], [4], [19], [9], [5], [10]. These low level detection limits are especially useful in drugs such as tacrolimus where the therapeutic range in blood is low and narrow and important to monitor to avoid serious side effects [4].…”

Section: A Xenobioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Biofluids by Paper Spray MS: Advances and Challenges

2016

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Paper spray mass spectrometry (MS) is part of a cohort of ambient ionization or direct analysis methods that seek to analyze complex samples without prior sample preparation. Extraction and electrospray ionization occur directly from the paper substrate upon which a dried matrix spot is stored. Paper spray MS is capable of detecting drugs directly from dried blood, plasma, and urine spots at the low ng/mL to pg/mL levels without sample preparation. No front end separation is performed, so tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or high resolution MS is required. Here, we discuss paper spray methodology, give a comprehensive literature review of the use of paper spray MS for bioanalysis, discuss technological advancements and variations on this technique, and discuss some of its limitations. _________________________________________________________________________________ AbstractPaper spray mass spectrometry (MS) is part of a cohort of ambient ionization or direct analysis methods that seek to analyze complex samples without prior sample preparation. Extraction and electrospray ionization occur directly from the paper substrate upon which a dried matrix spot is stored. Paper spray MS is capable of detecting drugs directly from dried blood, plasma, and urine spots at the low ng/mL to pg/mL levels without sample preparation. No front end separation is performed, so tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or high resolution MS is required. Here, we discuss paper spray methodology, give a comprehensive literature review of the use of paper spray MS for bioanalysis, discuss technological advancements and variations on this technique, and discuss some of its limitations.

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Section: Sample Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spent cartridge is ejected after analysis. Several papers have been published using this automated system [4,10,16].…”

Section: Automation and Throughputmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Xenobioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Xenobioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Biofluids by Paper Spray MS: Advances and Challenges

2016

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“…Paper spray is a member of this growing cohort of ambient ionization or direct analysis methods that was conceived because of the growing interest in storing and transporting blood samples as dried spots. One of the major applications of paper spray mass spectrometry has been screening and quantitative analysis of drugs and other small molecules from biofluids such as blood, urine, and plasma [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionization Suppression and Recovery in Direct Biofluid Analysis Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry

Vega

Spence

Zhang

et al. 2016

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Abstract. Paper spray mass spectrometry is a method for the direct analysis of biofluid samples in which extraction of analytes from dried biofluid spots and electrospray ionization occur from the paper on which the dried sample is stored. We examined matrix effects in the analysis of small molecule drugs from urine, plasma, and whole blood. The general method was to spike stable isotope labeled analogs of each analyte into the spray solvent, while the analyte itself was in the dried biofluid. Intensity of the labeled analog is proportional to ionization efficiency, whereas the ratio of the analyte intensity to the labeled analog in the spray solvent is proportional to recovery. Ion suppression and recovery were found to be compound-and matrix-dependent. Highest levels of ion suppression were obtained for poor ionizers (e.g., analytes lacking basic aliphatic amine groups) in urine and approached -90%. Ion suppression was much lower or even absent for good ionizers (analytes with aliphatic amines) in dried blood spots. Recovery was generally highest in urine and lowest in blood. We also examined the effect of two experimental parameters on ion suppression and recovery: the spray solvent and the sample position (how far away from the paper tip the dried sample was spotted). Finally, the change in ion suppression and analyte elution as a function of time was examined by carrying out a paper spray analysis of dried plasma spots for 5 min by continually replenishing the spray solvent.

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Biological Samples in Environmental Analysis: Preparation and Cleanup

Lawton

Santee

Bruno

et al. 2016

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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The characterization of biological systems on a molecular level has led to sweeping developments in industries including pharmaceuticals, consumer product manufacturing, and environmental monitoring. The integrity of the sample preparation process is critical for development and discovery efforts in these fields. The art of biological sample preparation is in a perpetual state of evolution where boundaries and limitations reflect the sophistication of contemporary technology. Historical methods required laborious multistep procedures that resulted in analytical measurements with limited throughput and poor detection limits due to analyte losses. Present efforts in the scientific community are moving toward automated methods that require minimal sample volume and minimal sample cleanup. This change in the approach is due to the increasing selectivity of analytical systems that allow analyte separation and purification to be performed online with a variety of detectors. Trends of this nature are consistent with the ‘green chemistry’ efforts, where less solvent consumption provides a more environmental friendly (and cost‐effective) platform for the next stage of development in this field. This article revisits historical approaches and describes current trends in the preparation of biological samples.

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Paper Spray and Extraction Spray Mass Spectrometry for the Direct and Simultaneous Quantification of Eight Drugs of Abuse in Whole Blood

Cited by 171 publications

References 38 publications

Analysis of Biofluids by Paper Spray MS: Advances and Challenges

Analysis of Biofluids by Paper Spray MS: Advances and Challenges

Ionization Suppression and Recovery in Direct Biofluid Analysis Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry

Biological Samples in Environmental Analysis: Preparation and Cleanup

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