Paper-Based Potentiometric Device for Rapid and Selective Determination of Salicylhydroxamate as a Urinary Struvite Stone Inhibitor

Abstract

Novel paper-based potentiometric platforms for rapid, costeffective, and simple determination of the salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) drug are presented. Both the SHAM sensor and the reference Ag/AgCl electrode were integrated together on the miniaturized paper platforms. The ion-sensing membrane for the presented sensor is based on the use of Sn IV -tetraphenylporphyrin (Sn IV TPP) as a charged carrier within a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as an ion-to-electron transducer. The resulting sensor revealed a rapid and stable response with a Nernstian slope of −59.3 ± 0.7 mV/decade over the linear range of 1.0 × 10 −6 to 1.0 × 10 −3 M and a detection limit of 0.7 μM. All measurements were carried out in 30 mM phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) at pH 7.2. Intra-and interday precision were measured and found to be 1.7%. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) ( = 5) was calculated as 2.43% after utilizing five different electrodes (n = 5). The selectivity behavior of the prepared electrodes in the absence and presence of ionic additives was evaluated. The selectivity pattern showed a non-Hofmeister selectivity pattern in the existence of anionic additives with enhanced potentiometric selectivity for SHAM over different lipophilic anions (e.g., ClO 4 − , SCN − , and I − ). The presented device was successfully applied for SHAM determination in pharmaceutical preparations. This paper-based analytical device can be potentially manufactured at large scales and provides a portable, rapid, disposable, and cost-effective analytical tool for measuring the SHAM drug.

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