Paper‐based point‐of‐care test with xeno nucleic acid probes

Abstract

Bridging the unmet need of efficient point-of-care testing (POCT) in biomedical engineering research and practice with the emerging development in artificial synthetic xeno nucleic acids (XNAs), this review summarized the recent development in paperbased POCT using XNAs as sensing probes. Alongside the signal transducing mode and immobilization methods of XNA probes, a detailed evaluation of probe performance was disclosed. With these new aspects, both researchers in synthetic chemistry / biomedical engineering and physicians in clinical practice could gain new insights in designing, manufacturing and choosing suitable reagents and techniques for POCT. K E Y W O R D S aptamer, chemical modification, paper-based analytical devices (PADs), point-of-care testing (POCT), xeno nucleic acids (XNAs)

Biological Materials: The Next Frontier for Cell-Free Synthetic Biology

“…potentially make use of highly customized DNA-encoded biosynthetic operons to produce personalized materials that suit local needs. Conceivably, these cell-free produced biological materials could be fabricated using synthetic biochemistries [e.g., unnatural amino acids (Martin et al, 2018;Des Soye et al, 2019;Gao et al, 2019) and xeno nucleic acids (Glasscock et al, 2016;Hu et al, 2019)], mixed cell extracts from diverse bacterial species (Yim et al, 2019), or de novo biological components [e.g., engineered ribosomes (Caschera et al, 2018;d'Aquino et al, 2020) and rationally designed proteins (Huang et al, 2016;Rolf et al, 2019)]. These synthetic components might confer cell-free produced materials with unique physical characteristics or other attributes that are not typically associated with natural fibers.…”

Functional Xeno Nucleic Acids for Biomedical Application

“…However, native MBs show the poor target binding affinity and nuclease degradation ability [61] . As a solution, XNAs-based artificial MBs can be selected as a suitable candidate to enhance the target binding affinity and nuclease degradation ability [62,63] . Subsequently, a variety of LNA-MBs-based biosensors with high sensitivity and specificity have been developed.…”

Biosupramolecular Systems: Integrating Cues into Responses

“…55−57 The use of synthetic nucleic acid components in such systems allows further tuning of these fundamental base pairing interactions through the use of unnatural nucleobases, while modification of the nucleic acid backbone can be used to modify stability, solubility, electrostatic interactions, and even helicity and chirality 58−61 to provide a further means of tuning the system. 62,63 While sequence specific nucleic acid interactions in isolation provide a robust range of network inputs, they can also be coupled to a range of complex molecular architectures such as polymers, 43,44 G-quadruplexes, 64 DNA tetrahedra, 65 and DNA origami. 66 One particularly spectacular application of such interactions to a complex molecular architectures is to control the open or closed state of DNA containers to deliver payloads.…”

“…Given the ability of such interactions to produce changes in localization and/or geometry of binding partners in a manner dependent upon the precise encoded sequence information (through inter- or intrastrand base pairing), it is unsurprising that such processes have been particularly exploited as input motifs in biosupramolecular networks. Such interactions have been employed using native nucleic acid polymers including DNA, − RNA, − and miRNA ,− but have also been extended to designer systems such as PNA. − The use of synthetic nucleic acid components in such systems allows further tuning of these fundamental base pairing interactions through the use of unnatural nucleobases, while modification of the nucleic acid backbone can be used to modify stability, solubility, electrostatic interactions, and even helicity and chirality − to provide a further means of tuning the system. , While sequence specific nucleic acid interactions in isolation provide a robust range of network inputs, they can also be coupled to a range of complex molecular architectures such as polymers, , G-quadruplexes, DNA tetrahedra, and DNA origami . One particularly spectacular application of such interactions to a complex molecular architectures is to control the open or closed state of DNA containers to deliver payloads. , An additional complex system within which this sequence specific base pairing can be applied is through its use in guide strand binding for CRISPR-Cas9 excision of target nucleic acids .…”