Paper-Based ELISA: A Novel Diagnostic Approach for Monitoring Aqueous Humour VEGF Level in Ocular Diseases

Abstract

We commonly diagnose ocular diseases via both morphological changes and symptoms. It is necessary to develop biochemically based assays for early or followup diagnosis of these diseases with a focus on robustness and ease of handling. To lay out a prospective path toward this goal, we describe and propose the use of ultrahigh sensitive paper-based ELISA (p-ELISA), which uses a treated piece of filter paper to monitor the activity of ocular diseases (i.e., detecting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration in aqueous humour for proliferative diabetic retinopathy or age-related macular degeneration diagnosis). The advantages of p-ELISA include the following: (1) the capacity to directly measure biomarker concentrations in aqueous humour using only a tiny sample volume (as little as 2 μL); (2) significantly increased sensitivity compared to conventional ELISA (fg/mL levels); and (3) inexpensive materials and a short operation duration. P-ELISA is a novel point-of-care diagnostic tool with the significant potential to advance ophthalmological treatment guidelines by facilitating early detection and routinely monitoring therapeutic response.

Rapid Airborne Influenza Virus Quantification Using an Antibody-Based Electrochemical Paper Sensor and Electrostatic Particle Concentrator

“…Moreover, although point of care diagnoses based on recent advancements in PCR, such as fast PCR, are less time-consuming (<50 min) and easy to use, isolation of RNA and DNA have some drawbacks such as high rate of contamination, excess time consumption, labor intensive, instability, and low yield . NP-based conventional ELISA is a widely used detection method for influenza viruses in clinical samples; however, it requires multiple incubations and washing steps (2–3 h), and a sample volume of 200 μL. , Therefore, the NP-mAb functionalized paper sensor is a good alternative to qPCR and ELISA for air samples owing to its rapid detection capability (<10 min: response time of the sensors), small sample volume (10–20 μL), lightweight, low cost (not requiring costly equipment such as an ELISA plate reader and PCR machine), and portability. , …”

“…6 NP-based conventional ELISA is a widely used detection method for influenza viruses in clinical samples; however, it requires multiple incubations and washing steps (2−3 h), and a sample volume of 200 μL. 58,59 Therefore, the NP-mAb functionalized paper sensor is a good alternative to qPCR and ELISA for air samples owing to its rapid detection capability (<10 min: response time of the sensors), small sample volume (10−20 μL), lightweight, low cost (not requiring costly equipment such as an ELISA plate reader and PCR machine), and portability. 60,61 Interference Study.…”