Paper-based electroanalytical devices for accessible diagnostic testing

Maxwell, E. Jane; Mazzeo, Aaron D.; Whitesides, George M.

doi:10.1557/mrs.2013.56

Cited by 186 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…cost, weight, printability, and porosity), HEPAs could be useful in applications benefitting from monolithic integration in paper-based printed microfluidic [6][7][8][9][10] and electronic devices, [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] paper MEMS, [16,23,24] printable and foldable micro machines, [24][25][26] and robots. [25,27,40] Their speed of actuation, and the force they produce, however, is low (by standards of more conventional electromagnetic and pneumatic / hydrolic systems), but they are also lighter, much less expensive, and much more easily integrated with paper devices (diagnostic, bioanalytical, and electromechanical systems, for example) than are the more universal systems.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2] In recent years, paper has become increasingly interesting as a material in new applications. [3][4][5] For example, we and others have used it for microfluidic [6][7][8][9][10] and electroanalytical devices as the basis for low-cost diagnostics, [11,12] as 3-D scaffolds for cell growth, [13][14][15] as a substrate for printed electronics, [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). [16,23,24] A missing component for paper-based devices is an electrically controlled actuator that is embedded within the paper, can be fabricated by printing, and continues to operate when the paper that supports it is creased and/or folded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrically Activated Paper Actuators

Hamedi

Campbell

Rothemund

et al. 2016

Adv Funct Materials

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147

153

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This paper describes the design and fabrication of electrically controlled paper actuators that operate based on the dimensional changes of that occur in paper when the moisture absorbed on the surface of the cellulose fibers changes. These actuators are called "Hygroexpansive Electrothermal Paper Actuators" (HEPAs). The actuators are made from paper, conducting polymer, and adhesive tape. They are lightweight, inexpensive, and can be fabricated using simple printing techniques. The central element of the HEPAs is a porous conducting path (used to provide electrothermal heating) that changes the moisture content of the paper and causes actuation. This conducting path is made by embedding a conducting polymer (PEDOT:PSS) within the paper, and thus making a paper / polymer composite that retains the porosity and hydrophilicity of paper. Different types of HEPAs (straight, pre-curved, and creased) achieved different types of motions (e.g., bending motion, accordion type motion). A theoretical model for their behavior is proposed. These actuators have been used for the manipulation of liquids, and for the fabrication of an optical shutter.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically Activated Paper Actuators

Hamedi

Campbell

Rothemund

et al. 2016

Adv Funct Materials

Self Cite

147

153

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show abstract

“…[14][15][16][17] With advancement of portable electrochemical instrumentation, the integration of E-lPADs with portable, low-cost electrochemical readers (i.e., potentiostat) makes it possible for paper-based tests to be carried out remotely at the POC and/or in the field with enhanced analytical performance. [18][19][20] Aiming at POC diagnosis of HIV/HCV co-infection, we develop a paper-based, integrated diagnostic platform capable of multiplexed electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) of HIV/HCV antibody markers and remote transmission of diagnostic results for telemedicine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A portable paper-based microfluidic platform for multiplexed electrochemical detection of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus antibodies in serum

Zhao

Liu

2016

Biomicrofluidics

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This paper presents a portable paper-based microfluidic platform for multiplexed electrochemical detection of antibody markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in serum samples. To our best knowledge, this is the first paper-based electrochemical immunosensing platform, with multiplexing and telemedicine capabilities, for diagnosing HIV/HCV co-infection. The platform consists of an electrochemical microfluidic paper-based immunosensor array (E-lPIA) and a handheld multi-channel potentiostat, and is capable of performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays simultaneously on eight samples within 20 min (using a prepared E-lPIA). The multiplexing feature of the platform allows it to produce multiple measurement data for HIV and HCV markers from a single run, and its wireless communication module can transmit the results to a remote site for telemedicine. The unique integration of paper-based microfluidics and mobile instrumentation renders our platform portable, low-cost, user-friendly, and high-throughput. V C 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

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“…electrochemistry | mHealth | point-of-care diagnostics | low-cost potentiostat | telemedicine E lectrochemistry provides a broad array of quantitative methods for detecting important analytes (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, metals) for personal and public health, clinical analysis, food and water quality, and environmental monitoring (1,2). Although useful in a variety of settings, these methodswith the important exception of blood glucose meters (3,4)-are generally limited to well-resourced laboratories run by skilled personnel.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Universal mobile electrochemical detector designed for use in resource-limited applications

Nemiroski¹,

Christodouleas²,

Hennek³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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267

192

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This paper describes an inexpensive, handheld device that couples the most common forms of electrochemical analysis directly to "the cloud" using any mobile phone, for use in resource-limited settings. The device is designed to operate with a wide range of electrode formats, performs on-board mixing of samples by vibration, and transmits data over voice using audio-an approach that guarantees broad compatibility with any available mobile phone (from low-end phones to smartphones) or cellular network (second, third, and fourth generation). The electrochemical methods that we demonstrate enable quantitative, broadly applicable, and inexpensive sensing with flexibility based on a wide variety of important electroanalytical techniques (chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and potentiometry), each with different uses. Four applications demonstrate the analytical performance of the device: these involve the detection of (i) glucose in the blood for personal health, (ii) trace heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and zinc) in water for in-field environmental monitoring, (iii) sodium in urine for clinical analysis, and (iv) a malarial antigen (Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2) for clinical research. The combination of these electrochemical capabilities in an affordable, handheld format that is compatible with any mobile phone or network worldwide guarantees that sophisticated diagnostic testing can be performed by users with a broad spectrum of needs, resources, and levels of technical expertise.electrochemistry | mHealth | point-of-care diagnostics | low-cost potentiostat | telemedicine E lectrochemistry provides a broad array of quantitative methods for detecting important analytes (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, metals) for personal and public health, clinical analysis, food and water quality, and environmental monitoring (1, 2). Although useful in a variety of settings, these methodswith the important exception of blood glucose meters (3, 4)-are generally limited to well-resourced laboratories run by skilled personnel. If simplified and made inexpensive, however, these versatile methods could become broadly applicable tools in the hands of healthcare workers, clinicians, farmers, and military personnel who need accurate and quantitative results in the field, especially in resource-limited settings. Furthermore, if results of testing were directly linked to "the cloud" through available mobile technology, expertise (and archiving of information) could be geographically decoupled from the site of testing. To enable electrochemical measurements to be performed and communicated in any setting, a useful technology must be (i) able to perform complete electrochemical analyses while remaining low in cost, simple to operate, and as independent of infrastructure as possible; and (ii) compatible with any generation of mobile telecommunications technology, including the low-end phones and 2G networks that continue to dominate communications in much o...

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Paper-based electroanalytical devices for accessible diagnostic testing

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 186 publications

References 54 publications

Electrically Activated Paper Actuators

Electrically Activated Paper Actuators

A portable paper-based microfluidic platform for multiplexed electrochemical detection of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus antibodies in serum

Universal mobile electrochemical detector designed for use in resource-limited applications

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