“…These detection strategies usually suffer from expensive instruments, special reagents, and skilled operations. In comparison with other detection strategies (for example, optical technology) ( Zhang et al, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ; Deng et al, 2021 ; Wan et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2022a ), electrochemical sensing has attracted extensive attention because of its fast detection speed, a simple instrument, easy integration, and miniaturization ( Asif et al, 2018 ; Ashraf et al, 2019 ; Aziz et al, 2019 ; Liu et al, 2020 ; Ashraf et al, 2021a ; Ashraf et al, 2021b ; Deng et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2022a ; Zhu et al, 2022b ; Wei et al, 2022 ; Zhong et al, 2022 ; Zhou et al, 2022 ). The development of a novel electrochemical immunosensor for simple and highly sensitive detection of CEA is of great significance.…”