Panoramic Radiographic Relationship of the Mandibular Foramen to the Anterior Border of the Ramus and Occlusal Plane as an Aid in Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block

Abstract

The location of the mandibular foramen (MF) on digital panoramic radiographs can be an important guide for clinicians when administering the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) for dental anesthesia of the mandible. This study, aimed to assess the location of the MF relative to the anterior border (AB) of the ramus and the occlusal plane (OP) from digital panoramic radiographs. An observational case series study was conducted on digital panoramic radiographs from the oral and maxillofacial radiology department archives of patients at least 18 years of age with a 1:1 scale (100%). The samples had to have at least 2 lower molar teeth on both sides without any blurring, previous fracture of the ramus or other artifacts. The distance of the MF to the OP and the AB of the ramus was measured using a caliper. The role of age and gender were also analyzed statistically using the 2-way analysis of variance test. One hundred ninety-four digital panoramic radiographs were included in the analysis. The findings showed that the vertical distance of the MF to the OP was a maximum of 14.52 mm and a minimum of −3.0 mm (mean 4.32 ± 2.34 mm). The distance of the MF to the AB of the ramus was a maximum of 25.52 and a minimum 9.68 mm (mean 16.48 ± 3.28 mm). Based on these findings, the IANB target site for injection should be approximately 5 mm above the OP and approximately 16.5 mm beyond the AB of the ramus to achieve successful anesthesia of the mandible via standard IANB in an Iranian population.

Retracted: VR Technology in Bluish- white Porcelain Display Design of Fanchang Kiln

“…It needs to be combined with other graphics to produce a variety of vivid visual experience. There is also the most likely to cause strong attention to the movement factor, is one of the spatial processing techniques [21].…”

Morphometric Analysis of Mandibular Foramen in Saudi Children Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

“…[ 15 ] The results of our study are in agreement with those of the literature where no significant differences in MF location between the gender,[ 4 21 ] and also between the right and left sides of the mandible, were noted. [ 18 22 ]…”

“…This finding was similar to that seen in previous studies,[ 7 18 23 ] whereas few other authors have reported contradictory results. [ 4 10 22 24 ] Ezoddini Ardakani et al . in a study on Iranian children reported that the MF was located below the OP at age 9 years and was slightly below or above the OP in those aged above 9 years.…”

Localization of the Mandibular Foramen for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block In a Sample of Egyptians Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic-A Retrospective Study

“…Mandibular foramen (MF) is the channel where the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and vessels pass through to supply the mandible, mandibular teeth and the lower lips with nutrition and sensory perception [1]. The exact localization of MF would decrease failure rates of IANB, as IAN should be anesthetized before entering MF to increase the success rate of IANB [2][3][4]. Moreover, the location of MF is crucial in planning various mandibular surgeries such as bilateral sagittal split osteotomy to avoid injury of the inferior alveolar bundle.…”

“…Interoperative complications include pain during dental procedures and hemorrhage due to injury of inferior alveolar vessels. Postoperative complications comprise hematoma, trismus, fracture of mandible and permanent loss of sensation in mandibular area that may reach morbidity due to injury of inferior alveolar nerves and vessels [2][3][4]. It is reported that the location of MF is affected by age, sex, loss of teeth and ethnicity [2,6,7].…”