PANoptosis: Mechanism and Role in Pulmonary Diseases

Abstract

PANoptosis is a newly defined programmed cell death (PCD) triggered by a series of stimuli, and it engages three well-learned PCD forms (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis) concomitantly. Normally, cell death is recognized as a strategy to eliminate unnecessary cells, inhibit the proliferation of invaded pathogens and maintain homeostasis; however, vigorous cell death can cause excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Acute lung injury (ALI) and chronic obstructive pulmonary syndrome (COPD) exacerbation is related to several pathogens (e.g., influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2) known to cause PANoptosis. An understanding of the mechanism and specific regulators may help to address the pathological systems of these diseases. This review presents our understanding of the potential mechanism of PANoptosis and the role of PANoptosis in different pulmonary diseases.

RNA m5C methylation modification: a potential therapeutic target for SARS-CoV-2-associated myocarditis

“…The synergistic action of TNF and IFN-γ signaling can lead to immune cell death via inducing PANoptosis. This may especially trigger injury in vital tissues such as the myocardium ( 69 ). Nevertheless, the mechanisms of cytokine storms are still controversial and uncertain, as various studies reach different conclusions.…”