Panel 8: Vaccines and immunology

Alderson, Mark R.; Murphy, T. F.; Pelton, Stephen I.; Novotny, Laura A.; Hammitt, Laura L.; Kurabi, Arwa; Li, Jian Dong; Thornton, Ruth B.; Kirkham, Lea‐Ann S.

doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109839

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…PCV introduction was reported to reduce AOM-related doctor visits as well as risk of early first AOM episode [5,[59][60][61][62][63]. The higher risk for children with an incomplete vaccination status, in comparison to fully PCV13-vaccinated children, for having AOM is in line with these findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Streptococcus pneumoniaeserotypes carried by young children and their association with Acute Otitis Media during the period 2016 – 2019

Ekinci

Desmet

Heirstraeten

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) is a major cause of acute otitis media (AOM). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) programs have altered pneumococcal serotype epidemiology in disease and carriage. To establish the clinical picture of AOM in young children exposed to the PCV program in Belgium and the Sp strains they carry, a cross-sectional study started in 2016.Material/methodsIn three collection periods from February 2016 to May 2018, nasopharyngeal swabs and background characteristics were collected from children aged 6-30 months either presenting at their physician with AOM (AOM-group) or healthy and attending day care (DCC-group). Sp was detected, quantified, and characterized using both conventional culture and qPCR. Clinical signs of AOM episodes and treatment were registered by the physicians.ResultsAmong 3264 collected samples, overall pneumococcal carriage and density were similar in AOM (79.2% and 0.50 ×106 copies/μl) and DCC (77.5% and 0.42 ×106 copies/μl). Non-vaccine serotypes were most frequent: 23B (AOM: 12.3%; DCC: 17.4%), 11A (AOM: 7.5%; DCC: 7.4%) and 15B (AOM: 7.5%; DCC: 7.1%). Serotypes 3, 6C, 7B, 9N, 12F, 17F and 29 were more frequent in AOM than in DCC, whereas 23A and 23B frequencies were lower. Antibiotic susceptibility of Sp strains was similar in both groups . No predictors of AOM severity were identified, and 77.3% received an antibiotic prescription.ConclusionYoung children with AOM did not carry Sp more frequently or at higher load than healthy children in day care, but some ST were more frequent in AOM and are not included in the currently used vaccines.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Streptococcus pneumoniaeserotypes carried by young children and their association with Acute Otitis Media during the period 2016 – 2019

Ekinci

Desmet

Heirstraeten

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…However, because NTHi has high strain diversity and no polysaccharide capsule, and S. pneumoniae has high serotype diversity, it is challenging to develop effective OM vaccines. Currently no OMtargeted vaccines are licensed 14 .…”

Section: Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our current Phase II randomised control trial is assessing safety and effectiveness of five daily applications of Pulmozyme Ò post-surgery (ACTRN12619001306101). Study end-points include safety and tolerability of an extended dosing regimen, recurrence of OM, and need for repeat surgery within 2 years of treatment.Development of novel therapies to prevent OMVaccinesProgress on vaccine development for OM prevention was reviewed following the 2019 international OM meeting14 . In brief, multispecies vaccines are required to prevent OM but their development is challenging.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Targeting host-microbial interactions to develop otitis media therapies

Kirkham

Thornton

2021

Microbiol. Aust.

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Otitis media (OM; middle ear infection) is the most common reason for pre-school children to visit a doctor, be prescribed antimicrobials, or undergo surgery. Recent Cochrane reviews of clinical trials have identified that antibiotics and grommet surgery are only moderately effective in treating OM, with recurrent or persistent infection observed in one-third of children. Research efforts are focusing on developing improved therapies to treat OM and prevent disease recurrence. The recurrent nature of OM is mostly due to the persistence of bacterial pathogens within established biofilm in the middle ear. Promising novel therapies are harnessing host-microbe interactions to disrupt middle ear biofilm and permit antibiotics to work more effectively. New approaches are also being developed to prevent OM, including new vaccines and mining the host respiratory microbiome to develop novel bacterial therapies. This review describes how our improved knowledge of human and microbial interactions is driving development of OM therapies to improve health outcomes for children in Australia and worldwide.

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“…1,2 Pediatric AOM epidemiology has been greatly affected by mass interventional campaigns, such as the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and, to a lesser extent, immunization with seasonal influenza vaccines. 3,4 Common bacterial pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrahlis , and viral agents include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, rhinovirus, and influenza.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluctuations in Pediatric Acute Otitis Media Burden During the First Two COVID-19 Years in Israel

Zloczower

Pitaro

Hazan

et al. 2022

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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Background: To study pediatric acute otitis media (AOM) burden fluctuations before and during the first two COVID years, which were characterized by measures to reduce the spread of airborne diseases. We used urinary tract infection (UTI) as a comparison infection. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study encompassing three pre-COVID years (March 1, 2017–February 29, 2020) and the first two COVID years (March 1, 2020–February 28, 2021, and March 1, 2021-February 28, 2022). Records were retrieved from the Clalit Health Services database, Israel’s largest healthcare maintenance organization. Children 0–15 years with AOM and UTI episodes were categorized according to age (1>, 1–4, 5–15 years). We collected demographics, seasonality, AOM complications, antibiotic prescriptions, and recent COVID-19 infections. The average AOM/UTI rates of the three pre-COVID years vs. two COVID years were used to calculate the incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Results: We identified 1,102,826 AOM and 121,263 UTI episodes. The median age at AOM diagnosis was 2.0 years (IQR, 1.1–4.1). Male predominance, age at presentation, and the dominant age group of 1–4 years did not change during the COVID years. While UTI episode rates decreased during the COVID years (IRR 0.76, 95% CI, 0.68–0.84, P < 0.001), the reduction in AOM episode rates was >2-fold (IRR 0.46, 95% CI, 0.34–0.63, P < 0.001). The largest decrease was observed among children 1–4 years old during the first COVID year (β=−1,938 AOM episodes/100,00 children, 95% CI, −2,038 to −1,912, P < 0.001). Recent COVID-19 infection was associated with low AOM morbidity (IRR 0.05, 95% CI 0.05–0.05, P < 0.001). Conclusions: AOM burden substantially decreased during the first COVID year but almost reached pre-pandemic levels during the second year.

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Panel 8: Vaccines and immunology

Abstract: Objective.-To review and highlight significant advances made towards vaccine development and understanding of the immunology of otitis media (OM) since the 19 th International

Cited by 10 publications

References 120 publications

Streptococcus pneumoniaeserotypes carried by young children and their association with Acute Otitis Media during the period 2016 – 2019

Streptococcus pneumoniaeserotypes carried by young children and their association with Acute Otitis Media during the period 2016 – 2019

Targeting host-microbial interactions to develop otitis media therapies

Fluctuations in Pediatric Acute Otitis Media Burden During the First Two COVID-19 Years in Israel

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