Pandemic Strain of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O

Abstract

The PanAsia strain is spreading explosively in Asia and extending to parts of Africa and Europe.

Investigation of foot-and mouth disease outbreak in a pig farm at Kollam district of Kerala, India

“…Movement of animals or materials prone to contamination in the infected premises is another important way that spreads FMDV (Geering and Lubroth, 2002). In this context, the 1997 Taiwanese FMD outbreak has been speculated to be due to illegally imported meat from China (Knowles et al, 2005). Various other modes of virus transmission have also been documented in pigs.…”

Field outbreak strains of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus from India with a deletion in the immunodominant βG-βH loop of the VP1 protein

“…Six lineages demonstrating more than 5 % nucleotide divergence in the VP1 coding region between them, namely, Branch A, B, C-I, CII, PanAsia and 'Ind2001', have been described [3,4]. The presence of the PanAsia lineage was first identified as early as 1982 in India, and the virus traversed many countries in the world during 2000 to 2002 [7]. In the year 2001, a new group of viruses ('Ind2001') with high genetic divergence from the PanAsia isolates appeared in the field and were found to co-circulate with PanAsia viruses between 2001 and 2003.…”

Phylodynamic reconstruction of O CATHAY topotype foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemics in the Philippines

“…Three distinct sub-lineages were identified by the wider phylogenetic reconstruction that included the full database of O CATHAY VP1 coding sequences, which were clustered on a country level basis (Figure 4). The FMDV strains circulating in the Philippines were found to have descended from a common ancestor that was shared with the Taiwanese isolates, in line with what was proposed to be the source of introduction of the O CATHAY virus into the Philippines in 1994 [8]. In turn, the Taiwanese cluster descended from an unsampled virus closely related to a FMDV isolate collected from China in 2000.…”

“…AJ294911) and was characterised by a 93-102 nt deletion within the 3A coding region that is associated with the atypical porcinophilic phenotype of this FMDV lineage [6]. Subsequently, O CATHAY isolates have been confirmed in several Southeast and East Asian countries (including Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam), although since 1970, the majority of field cases due to this topotype have been reported in Hong Kong SAR and China [7][8][9]. The O CATHAY FMD outbreak in Taiwan which began during 1997 resulted in the stamping-out of more than 4 million pigs and generated economic losses of over 6 billion US dollars [10].…”

“…This dataset represented clinical samples collected in the Philippines from 22 provinces in the period between 1994 and 2005 (Additional file 1). In addition, a further 210 VP1 coding region sequences and representing isolates collected from Austria, China, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, Malaysia, Russia, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam [8,[13][14][15][16][17][18] were retrieved from both GenBank at NCBI [19] and the WRLFMD sequence archive and, then, integrated with the Philippines collection to comprise a total dataset of 322 VP1 coding sequences (Additional file 2) These VP1 coding region sequences have been submitted to GenBank as have been assigned the following accession numbers: KM243030-KM243172.…”