Pandemic-Specific Factors Related to Generalized Anxiety Disorder during the Initial COVID-19 Protocols in the United States

Cordaro, Millie; Grigsby, Timothy J.; Howard, Jeffrey T.; Deason, Rebecca G.; Haskard‐Zolnierek, Kelly B.; Howard, Krista

doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1867675

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Previous studies showed that symptoms of anxiety and depression were reported in 25.5–44.6% and 12.1–50.4% of HCWs treating patients with COVID-19 4 16 43 and in 46.5–77.4% and 22.8–74.2% of HCWs treating patients with SARS, 33 44 45 46 respectively. The relatively lower rate of psychological distress compared to that in other countries, especially generalized anxiety of the HCWs in the present study, may be due to the differences in the number of confirmed cases, differences in working environment, using different measures, and varying organizational communication and support, 47 48 etc.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

How COVID-19 Affected Healthcare Workers in the Hospital Locked Down due to Early COVID-19 Cases in Korea

et al. 2021

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Background The healthcare workers (HCWs) were exposed to never-experienced psychological distress during the early stage of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the mental health of HCWs during the hospital lockdown period due to mass healthcare-associated infection during the early spread of COVID-19. Methods A real-time online survey was conducted between April 14–18, 2020 among HCWs who worked at the university hospital where COVID-19 was confirmed in a patient, and the hospital was shut down for 3 weeks. Along with demographic variables and work-related information, psychological distress was measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey scale, and the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9. Results The HCWs working in the cohort ward and those who have experienced social discrimination had significantly higher level of depression (PHQ-9 score; 5.24 ± 4.48 vs. 4.15 ± 4.38; P < 0.01 and 5.89 ± 4.78 vs. 3.25 ± 3.77; P < 0.001, respectively) and anxiety (GAD-7 score; 3.69 ± 3.68 vs. 2.87 ± 3.73; P < 0.05 and 4.20 ± 4.22 vs. 2.17 ± 3.06; P < 0.001, respectively) compared to other HCWs. Worries regarding the peer relationship and the skepticism about job were associated with depression (odds ratio [OR], 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–1.79; P < 0.05 and OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.31–2.17; P < 0.001, respectively) and anxiety (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.21–2.49; P < 0.01 and OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.09–2.17; P < 0.05, respectively), while fear of infection or worsening of health was not. Path analysis showed that work-related stress associated with the viral epidemic rather than anxiety about the viral epidemic mainly contributed to depression. Conclusion The present observational study indicates that mental health problems of HCWs exposed to COVID-19 are associated with distress in work and social relationship. Early intervention programs focusing on these factors are necessary.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

How COVID-19 Affected Healthcare Workers in the Hospital Locked Down due to Early COVID-19 Cases in Korea

et al. 2021

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“…The percentages of moderate-to-severe anxiety in China and the UK were lower before the COVID-19 pandemic [18,19]. A substantially lower prevalence of anxiety symptoms before the pandemic as compared to the pandemic has also been reported for the United States of America (17.9%) [20] and the German adult population (44.9%) [21]. Hetkamp and colleagues found that six weeks after the lockdown, anxiety levels in the general population of Germany remained elevated [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Generalized Anxiety among Swiss Health Professions and Non-Health Professions Students: An Open Cohort Study over 14 Months in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Volken¹,

Zysset²,

Amendola³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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To date, little is known about the long-term trajectory of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms in health professions (HP) students over the course of the pandemic. Like health professionals in general, HP students may have a significantly greater susceptibility to GAD symptoms due to their involvement in the health care system and the associated specific stressors and risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The HEalth in Students during the Corona pandemic study (HES-C) provided the opportunity to investigate the long-term course of GAD symptoms with eight measurement points over 14 months in 9380 HP and non-HP students in Switzerland between March 2020 and June 2021. We employed logistic regression models with clustered sandwich standard errors to estimate unadjusted and adjusted prevalence of GAD symptoms. In the full model, we adjusted for age, gender, nationality, social status, social support, self-efficacy, and COVID-19 symptoms in the past 4 weeks. At baseline, the estimated adjusted GAD symptom prevalence was 17.6% (95% CI = 14.4–20.7) in HP students and 24.4% (95% CI = 22.3–26.5) in their peers. With the peak of the second SARS-CoV-2 infection wave in October/November 2020, GAD symptom prevalence substantially increased and then remained stable over time, despite changes in the epidemiological situation and its associated containment measures. At the last follow-up in June 2021, GAD symptom prevalence in HP and non-HP students was 22.9% (95% CI = 16.3–29.5) and 36.9% (95% CI = 32.9–40.9), respectively. Absolute differences in GAD symptom prevalence between student groups over all eight measurement points ranged from 6.2% to 14.9% (all p < 0.05). Non-HP students are identified as a specifically vulnerable group. Accordingly, target group-specific public health campaigns and interventions should be developed with the aim to strengthen their resources, reducing GAD symptoms, and preventing chronification.

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“…GAD is a prevalent type of anxiety; the lifetime prevalence of GAD is 6.2% for patients between the ages of 18 and 64 years old [ 8 ]. The prevalence of GAD has been rising since the start of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [ 10 ]. While the underlying pathophysiology of GAD is still an area of investigation, it is currently believed to result from abnormalities within the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Hospitalized Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Kaye¹,

Patel²,

Meyers³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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BackgroundThe development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which encompasses ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is multifactorial. Stress from anxiety is a risk factor for IBD. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is twice as likely in IBD patients. This study explores the outcomes of patients hospitalized for IBD with comorbid GAD. MethodsA retrospective analysis utilizing the 2014 USA National Inpatient Sample database was performed to assess the outcomes of hospitalized IBD patients with and without GAD. The outcomes analyzed were sepsis, acute hepatic failure, hypotension/shock, acute respiratory failure, acute deep vein thrombosis, acute renal failure, intestinal obstruction, myocardial infarction, ileus, inpatient mortality, colectomy, intestinal abscess, intestinal perforation, and megacolon. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to explore whether GAD is a risk factor for these outcomes. ResultsAmong 28,173 IBD hospitalized patients in the study, GAD was a comorbid diagnosis in 3,400 of those patients. IBD patients with coexisting GAD were found to be at increased risk for acute hepatic failure (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.80, p = 0.006), sepsis (aOR 1.33, p < 0.001), acute respiratory failure (aOR 1.24, p = 0.018), inpatient mortality (aOR 1.87, p < 0.001), intestinal abscess (aOR 2.35, p = 0.013), and intestinal perforation (aOR 1.44, p = 0.019). The aORs for the remaining outcomes were not statistically significant. ConclusionsIn hospitalized IBD patients, GAD is a risk factor for sepsis, acute hepatic failure, acute respiratory failure, intestinal abscess, intestinal perforation, and inpatient mortality. IBD and GAD are becoming increasingly common, which will likely lead to a larger number of complications among inpatients with these comorbidities.

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Pandemic-Specific Factors Related to Generalized Anxiety Disorder during the Initial COVID-19 Protocols in the United States

Cited by 29 publications

References 50 publications

How COVID-19 Affected Healthcare Workers in the Hospital Locked Down due to Early COVID-19 Cases in Korea

How COVID-19 Affected Healthcare Workers in the Hospital Locked Down due to Early COVID-19 Cases in Korea

Generalized Anxiety among Swiss Health Professions and Non-Health Professions Students: An Open Cohort Study over 14 Months in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Outcomes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Hospitalized Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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