Pandemic potential of avian influenza A (H7N9) viruses

Watanabe, Tokiko; Watanabe, Shinji; Maher, Eileen A.; Neumann, Gabriele; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.08.008

Cited by 98 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Pathogenesis of first-, second-, and third-wave H7N9 viruses in ferrets. The presence of amino acid changes among H7N9 viruses indicative of mammalian adaptation warrants the examination of recently isolated H7N9 viruses in multiple mammalian models (33). We first examined the precursor LPAI H7N9 virus shv/Egypt/07 in ferrets, which shares high surface glycoprotein amino acid identity with Anhui/1/13 virus and was previously shown to exhibit reduced virulence in the mouse model compared with human isolates from 2013 (28).…”

Section: H7n9 Virus Information and Genetic Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammalian Pathogenesis and Transmission of H7N9 Influenza Viruses from Three Waves, 2013-2015

Belser

Creager

Sun

et al. 2016

J Virol

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Three waves of human infection with H7N9 influenza viruses have concluded to date, but only viruses within the first wave (iso-lated IMPORTANCE H7N9 influenza viruses, first isolated in 2013, continue to cause human infection and represent an ongoing public health threat.Now entering the fourth wave of human infection, H7N9 viruses continue to exhibit genetic diversity in avian hosts, necessitating continuous efforts to monitor their pandemic potential. However, viruses isolated post-2013 have not been extensively studied, limiting our understanding of potential changes in virus-host adaptation. In order to ensure that current research with firstwave H7N9 viruses still pertains to more recently isolated strains, we compared the relative virulence and transmissibility of H7N9 viruses isolated during the second and third waves, through 2015, in the mouse and ferret models. Our finding that second-and third-wave viruses generally exhibit disease in mammals comparable to that of first-wave viruses strengthens our ability to extrapolate research from the 2013 viruses to current public health efforts. These data further contribute to our understanding of molecular determinants of pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tropism.

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Section: H7n9 Virus Information and Genetic Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammalian Pathogenesis and Transmission of H7N9 Influenza Viruses from Three Waves, 2013-2015

Belser

Creager

Sun

et al. 2016

J Virol

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“…We found that memory CD4 T cells specific for H5 HA persisted in subjects vaccinated many years earlier and that these could be recruited into a subsequent immune response to vaccination, enabling a greatly enhanced antibody response to a serologically distinct H5N1-derived virus (20). Should avian influenza viruses continue to pose a threat to humans (54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64), such a prepandemic strategy could enhance vaccine responsiveness in "at risk" subjects and enhance early and potentially protective antibody responses in infected individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Avian and Human Seasonal Influenza Hemagglutinin Proteins Elicit CD4 T Cell Responses That Are Comparable in Epitope Abundance and Diversity

DiPiazza

Richards

Poulton

et al. 2017

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Avian influenza viruses remain a significant concern due to their pandemic potential. Vaccine trials have suggested that humans respond poorly to avian influenza vaccines relative to seasonal vaccines. It is important to understand, first, if there is a general deficiency in the ability of avian hemagglutinin (HA) proteins to generate immune responses and, if so, what underlies this defect. This question is of particular interest because it has been suggested that in humans, the poor immunogenicity of H7 vaccines may be due to a paucity of CD4 T cell epitopes. Because of the generally high levels of cross-reactive CD4 T cells in humans, it is not possible to compare the inherent immunogenicities of avian and seasonal HA proteins in an unbiased manner. Here, we empirically examine the epitope diversity and abundance of CD4 T cells elicited by seasonal and avian HA proteins. HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were vaccinated with purified HA proteins, and CD4 T cells to specific epitopes were identified and quantified. These studies revealed that the diversity and abundance of CD4 T cells specific for HA do not segregate on the basis of whether the HA was derived from human seasonal or avian influenza viruses. Therefore, we conclude that failure in responses to avian vaccines in humans is likely due to a lack of cross-reactive CD4 T cell memory perhaps coupled with competition with or suppression of naive, HA-specific CD4 T cells by memory CD4 T cells specific for more highly conserved proteins.

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“…They are routinely isolated from wild birds and occasionally from pigs and other mammalian species. Although H9N2 viruses are only endemic in poultry currently, they are the leading candidates with the potential to be transmitted to humans and cause lethal infections (Watanabe et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics and biological property analysis of Korea lineage of influenza A H9N2 viruses

Kang

Jang

2017

Veterinary Microbiology

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Pandemic potential of avian influenza A (H7N9) viruses

Cited by 98 publications

References 114 publications

Mammalian Pathogenesis and Transmission of H7N9 Influenza Viruses from Three Waves, 2013-2015

Mammalian Pathogenesis and Transmission of H7N9 Influenza Viruses from Three Waves, 2013-2015

Avian and Human Seasonal Influenza Hemagglutinin Proteins Elicit CD4 T Cell Responses That Are Comparable in Epitope Abundance and Diversity

Genetics and biological property analysis of Korea lineage of influenza A H9N2 viruses

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