Pancreatic Cancer: Pathogenesis and Diagnosis

Abstract

Age, being overweight, smoking, long-term alcohol use, pre-existing chronic pancreatitis, family history, prior abdominal radiotherapy are important risk factors (Table 1) (Wolfgang et al., 2013 AbstractPancreatic cancer is a fatal malignancies which is predominantly seen in men and at advanced age (40-85 years) and has an aggressive course. Its frequency is gradually increasing over the past years. It accounts for 2% of all cancers and 5% of cancer-related deaths. Pancreatic cancer takes the first place among asymptomatic cancers. Ninety percent of cases are adenocarcinomas. Ten percent of the patients have a familial disposition. The disease is very difficult to detect as it has no early signs and spreads rapidly to surrounding organs is one of the most deadly types of cancer. Pancreatic cancer may result from hereditary germline or somatic acquired mutations in cancer-related genes and mutations also cause cancer progression and metastasis.

RETRACTED: Downregulation of long noncoding RNA SNHG1 inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis, and invasion by suppressing the Notch‐1 signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer

“…1 It has been reported that approximately 37 000 new patients will be diagnosed with PC, and 34 000 patients will face death, making PC the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths around the world. 3,4 Recently, abnormal metastasis of PC has been recognized as the main cause leading to death. 3,4 Recently, abnormal metastasis of PC has been recognized as the main cause leading to death.…”

TM4SF1 Regulates Pancreatic Cancer Migration and Invasion In Vitro and In Vivo

“…Gemcitabine has been used as a first-line chemotherapy drug for pancreatic cancer, but the survival time of patients is still no more than 6 months for metastatic disease and 9-12 months for locally advanced disease. To improve patients' survival, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control pancreatic cancer metastasis is urgently needed [21][22][23][24]. In previous studies, TM4SF1, a membrane-associated glycoprotein, has been found to be overexpressed in various human malignant tumors and is considered to be a major mediator of cancer metastasis.…”

Itraconazole inhibits proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells through activation of Bak‐1

“…Pancreatic cancer is one of the major causes of cancer‐associated mortality worldwide, with an estimated 36 7000 new cases diagnosed and an associated 35 9000 deaths in 2015 . Pancreatic cancer is often associated with an extremely poor prognosis due to nonspecific and sensitive tumor diagnostic markers in early stage, as well as distant metastases that preclude curative surgical resection . Although multimodal treatments including surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have been widely used in the clinic, the overall 5‐year survival rate of pancreatic cancer is less than 9%.…”