Panax ginseng ameliorates hepatorenal oxidative alterations induced by commercially used cypermethrin in male rats: experimental and molecular docking approaches

Abstract

Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid utilized as an insecticide in agriculture and various pest eradication programs. However, it induces numerous health hazards for animals and humans. Therefore, the current study used Panax ginseng root extract (ginseng) to reduce the hepatorenal damage caused by commercially used CYP. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were distributed into control, ginseng (300 mg/kg B.W/day), CYP (4.67 mg/kg B.W.), and Ginseng+CYP (rats received both CYP and ginseng). All treatments were administered orally for 30 consecutive days. Cypermethrin induced harmful effects on hepatic and renal tissues through a substantial decline in body weight in addition to a considerable increase in liver enzymes, functional renal markers, and cholesterol. Also, CYP significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)). Moreover, a marked increase in malondialdehyde level with a significant drop in reduced glutathione level and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities was reported in the CYP group in kidney and liver tissues. Additionally, CYP exhibited affinities to bind and inhibit AChE and antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD and CAT) in rats following the molecular docking modeling. The apparent hepatorenal oxidative damage was linked with obvious impairments in the liver and kidney histoarchitecture, immunohistochemical staining of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 proteins. Ginseng reduced CYP’s oxidative alterations by repairing the metabolic functional markers, improving antioxidant status, reducing the inflammatory response, and enhancing the molecular docking evaluation. It also ameliorated the intensity of the histopathological alterations and improved the immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 proteins in the liver and kidney tissues. Finally, concomitant oral administration of ginseng mitigated CYP-prompted hepatorenal damage through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potentials. Graphical Abstract

Optimization of Vancomycin Antibiotic Removal from Synthetic and Real Wastewater Using UV/Fe3 O4 @Alg-ZnO Nanocomposite Photocatalysis: Response Surface Methodology Based on a Box-Behnken Design

“…GC-MS analysis was done using Agilent 6890, MS 5973N (made in the USA) with a DB-5MS column 60 meters long to identify intermediate products. From the identified straight chain intermediate products like benzene methyl (inhalation of concentrations higher than 200 ppm causes nausea, headache, memory loss, unconsciousness, and even death (42)), tetradecane (over a long period of exposure, it causes hearing loss, loss of color recognition, memory loss, decreased mental ability, damage to the central nervous system, reproductive system, immune system, kidney, liver, and brain, eye and skin irritation, and in case of swallowing, it causes nausea and vomiting (43)), hexadecane (rare allergic symptoms, i.e., itching, rash, swelling, especially in the face, tongue and throat, difficulty breathing, and severe dizziness (44)), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (no significant health effect was found), 10-nonadecenal (no significant health effect was found), 9-octadecenamide (fatigue, constipation, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and eye and skin irritation (45)), oleic acid (in some cases, irritation of the respiratory system and mucous membrane and skin allergies ( 46)) hexadecanoic acid (skin irritation, serious eye irritation, serious eye damage, and respiratory irritation (47)), celidoniol (depression, headache, convulsions, tinnitus, itching, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, inflammation of the oral mucosa, male infertility, mild to moderate liver and kidney failure, severe allergies, asthma, anemia, decrease in hemoglobin levels (48)), deoxy (headache, ringing in the ears, muscle weakness in the face, pain in the mouth or throat, difficulty swallowing, cardiac arrhythmia ( 49)), 1-chlorooctadecane (No significant health effect was found), pentacosane (no significant health effect was found), eicosane (sudden decrease in night vision, lung and liver damages, skin sensitivity to sunlight and UV rays, the feeling of skin stretching due to dryness of the skin on the face and around the lips, and the risk of causing physical and mental disorders for the fetus (50)), docosane (gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, indigestion, and stomach pain (51)), tetracosane (dizziness, irritability, seizures, bradycardia, palpitation and cardiac arrhythmia, hives, itching, nausea, and vomiting (52)), heptadecane (it may be fatal if swallowed and enters the respiratory tract ( 53)), 9-octadecenoic acid (low blood pressure (54)), and grease (infiltrating the devices and preventing them from functioning correctly and cooling them during operation (55)).…”