“…First, the PAN-PDE has significant inhibitory activity against multiple PDE isoforms, including PDE1, PDE3, PDE4, PDE5, PDE7, and PDE8, which are involved in airway remodeling and the development of pulmonary fibrosis ( Wright et al, 1998 ; Fuhrmann et al, 1999 ). And next, considering the cAMP signaling compartmentalization during EMT, a different composition of individual isoforms within the cellular compartments cannot be ruled out ( Zuo et al, 2019b ; Wójcik-Pszczoła et al, 2022 ). In vitro , the pan-PDE inhibitors could inhibit the TGF-β-induced expression of several markers, including vimentin, fibronectin, collagen I, α-smooth muscle actin, N-cadherin, and snail-1 transcription factor in alveolar epithelial type II cells ( Wójcik-Pszczoła et al, 2022 ).…”