Pan Europe, The Marshall Plan Countries and the Western European Union

European Elites and Ideas of Empire, 1917-1957

“…9 According to this view, celebrities are a quintessentially modern phenomenon, born with the age of the modern revolutions; they come about as a result of the confluence between democratization, rationalization, and commodification. 10 However, the quality of being known in virtue of being known applies particularly directly to Europe's princely dynasties and other noble families. 11 We have an illusion of being familiar with people bearing noble names, as Georg Simmel pointed out, because we recognize the names from history, not because we recognize them as persons.…”

“…It did: it created the theory, which he described as ostranenie, or detachment. 10 Harry Graf Kessler, 'Nationalität',i nDie Zukunft, 14:27 (1906), 17-27 Viktor Shklovsky, A Sentimental Journey. Memoirs, 1917 Cornell University Press, 1970), 233.…”

“…Instead, in 1922,h e presented a suggestion for a Pan-European Union with Austria at its heart. 10 The proposed federation endorsed Europe's economic unity, multicultural diversity, and the use of Africa as a resource colony. He was opposed both to the idea of a German-Austrian Union and to the idea of an accommodation of German nobles within the existing post-Versailles boundaries.…”

“…9 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Paneuropa ABC (Leipzig and Vienna: Paneuropa, 1931), 24-25. 10 Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, 'Paneuropa. Ein Vorschlag', Neue Freie Presse, 17 November 1922. Austrian, German, and Czech press, Coudenhove-Kalergi criticized both Austrian-German parochialism in Bohemia and Austria, and Czech nationalism.…”

“…An album, published in Polish in the Habsburg-controlled city of Lemberg on the eve of the First World War, commemorated the event in pictures. 10 The epithet was first used by R. Menzhinsky in two articles on Dzerzhinski, 'O Dzerzhinskom', Pravda, 20 July 1927, and 'Dva slova o Dzerzhinskom', Pravda, 20 July 1931, www.fsb.ru/fsb/hist ory/author/single.htm!id%3D10318093@fsbPublication.html, accessed 6 April 2014. 11 For an example of a medal for the fifth anniversary of the VChK, see www.numismat.ru/au.shtml?…”