PAMPs, PRRs, effectors and R-genes associated with citrus–pathogen interactions

Dalio, Ronaldo J. D.; Magalhães, Diogo Maciel; Rodrigues, Carolina M.; Arena, Gabriella Dias; Oliveira, Tiago Silva; Souza-Neto, Reinaldo Rodrigues de; Picchi, Simone Cristina; Martins, Paula Maria Moreira; Santos, Paulo José Camargo dos; Máximo, Heros José; Pacheco, Inaiara de Souza; Souza, Alessandra Alves de; Machado, Marcos Antônio

doi:10.1093/aob/mcw238

Cited by 41 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 259 publications

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“…Salivary proteins are important for proper insect feeding and promoting lubrification, digestion and penetration 38 . These proteins also play important roles in plant-insect interactions 34 . For example, the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thoma (Hemiptera: Aphididae) presents an effector that interacts with two plant defense compounds to enhancing aphid fecundity 39 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gene silencing of Diaphorina citri candidate effectors promotes changes in feeding behaviors

Pacheco

Galdeano

Maluta

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Insect effectors are mainly secreted by salivary glands, modulate plant physiology and favor the establishment and transmission of pathogens. Feeding is the principal vehicle of transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. Las) by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri. This study aimed to predict putative ACP effectors that may act on the Huanglongbing (HLB) pathosystem. Bioinformatics analysis led to the identification of 131 candidate effectors. Gene expression investigations were performed to select genes that were overexpressed in the ACP head and modulated by Ca. Las. To evaluate the actions of candidate effectors on D. citri feeding, six effectors were selected for gene silencing bioassays. Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) of the target genes were delivered to D. citri adults via artificial diets for five days. RNAi silencing caused a reduction in the ACP lifespan and decreased the salivary sheath size and honeydew production. Moreover, after dsRNA delivery of the target genes using artificial diet, the feeding behaviors of the insects were evaluated on young leaves from citrus seedlings. These analyses proved that knockdown of D. citri effectors also interfered with ACP feeding abilities in planta, causing a decrease in honeydew production and reducing ACP survival. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) analysis confirmed the actions of the effectors on D. citri feeding behaviors. These results indicate that gene silencing of D. citri effectors may cause changes in D. citri feeding behaviors and could potentially be used for ACP control. Insect pests are one of the main factors that reduce agricultural plant productivity. Global losses caused by these animals reach 220 billion dollars annually 1. In addition to the damage caused by their actions, problems caused by insects can be increased by the transmission of several plant pathogens 2. Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), stands out as the most important agricultural pest among citrus crops 3. ACP is a vector for the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. Las), the causal agent of Huanglongbing (HLB). This disease affects all commercial citrus varieties by promoting plant decline and reducing fruit quality 4,5. In the last fifteen years, HLB has spread quickly across the American continent and the citrus production in the USA declined 58% 4. In Brazil, 34 million citrus trees have been removed since the first detection of HLB in 2004 6. So far, no efficient control for HLB has been found. Disease management consists of producing seedlings using Ca Las-free nursery stock, removal of infected trees and insecticide applications for vector control 7,8. However, the extensive application of insecticides could select for ACP-resistant populations 9-11. Diaphorina citri acquire Ca. Las via a circulative-persistent manner during feeding 12,13. The efficiency of Ca. Las transmission is affected by the duration of phloem ingestion by ACP 14. Studies have been developed to understand the interactions ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the existence of the ACP saliva proteome 33 , ACP effectors or salivary molecules that interact with host plants have not been identified until now 34 . In the present work, we predict secreted D. citri effectors using bioinformatics tools.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene silencing of Diaphorina citri candidate effectors promotes changes in feeding behaviors

Pacheco

Galdeano

Maluta

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…General elicitors are involved in the general resistance signaling pathways, while race-specific elicitors are associated with R gene-mediated signaling [101]. Elicitors that are capable of triggering defense in both non-host and host plants through the perceived presence of potential pathogens are known as general elicitors [41,[102][103][104][105][106]. Most general elicitors are essentially present in pathogen cell walls as structural components e.g., glucan, chitin, flagellin, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS).…”

Section: The Elicitation Of Defense: Elicitor Molecules the Initiatomentioning

confidence: 99%

Elicitor and Receptor Molecules: Orchestrators of Plant Defense and Immunity

Malik

Kumar

Nadarajah

2020

IJMS

229

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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms and insects in the event of infection, microbial priming, and insect predation. These molecules are then recognized by receptor molecules on or within the plant, which activates the defense signaling pathways, resulting in plant’s ability to overcome pathogenic invasion, induce systemic resistance, and protect against insect predation and damage. These small molecular motifs are conserved in all organisms. Fungi, bacteria, and insects have their own specific molecular patterns that induce defenses in plants. Most of the molecular patterns are either present as part of the pathogen’s structure or exudates (in bacteria and fungi), or insect saliva and honeydew. Since biotic stresses such as pathogens and insects can impair crop yield and production, understanding the interaction between these organisms and the host via the elicitor–receptor interaction is essential to equip us with the knowledge necessary to design durable resistance in plants. In addition, it is also important to look into the role played by beneficial microbes and synthetic elicitors in activating plants’ defense and protection against disease and predation. This review addresses receptors, elicitors, and the receptor–elicitor interactions where these components in fungi, bacteria, and insects will be elaborated, giving special emphasis to the molecules, responses, and mechanisms at play, variations between organisms where applicable, and applications and prospects.

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“…On the other way round, it has been well documented that the plants take two paths of immune defense responses to react against the virulent infections [1]. The rst defense mechanism is pathogen-associated molecular patterns/microbe-associated molecular pattern (PAMP/MAMP)-triggered downstream genes that cause asymptomatic or non-small H responses, which are PAMP pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) or non-host resistance [2][3][4]. The second defense mechanism is the pathogenic effector protein triggered downstream genes, which result in a race-speci c H response and it is effector-triggered immunity (ETI) or vertical resistance [3,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnaporthe oryzae Systemic Defense Trigger 1 (MoSDT1)-Mediated Metabolites Regulate Defense Response in Rice

Duan

Liu

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Some of the pathogenic effector proteins play an active role in stimulating the plant defense system to strengthen plant resistance.Results: In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS) was implemented to identify altered metabolites in transgenic rice containing over-expressed M. oryzae Systemic Defense Trigger 1 (MoSDT1) that was infected at three-time points. The characterized dominating metabolites were organic acids and their derivatives, organic oxygen compounds, lipids, and lipid-like molecules. Among the identified metabolites, shikimate, galactinol, trehalose, D-mannose, linolenic acid, dopamine, tyramine, and L-glutamine are precursors for the synthesis of many secondary defense metabolites Carbohydrate, as well as amino acid metabolic, pathways were revealed to be involved in plant defense responses and resistance strengthening.Conclusion: The increasing salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) content enhanced interactions between JA synthesis/signaling gene, SA synthesis/receptor gene, raffinose/fructose/sucrose synthase gene, and cell wall-related genes all contribute to defense response in rice. The symptoms of rice after M. oryzae infection were significantly alleviated when treated with six identified metabolites, i.e., galactol, tyramine, L-glutamine, L-tryptophan, α-terpinene, and dopamine for 72 h exogenously. Therefore, these metabolites could be utilized as an optimal metabolic marker for M. oryzae defense.

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PAMPs, PRRs, effectors and R-genes associated with citrus–pathogen interactions

Cited by 41 publications

References 259 publications

Gene silencing of Diaphorina citri candidate effectors promotes changes in feeding behaviors

Gene silencing of Diaphorina citri candidate effectors promotes changes in feeding behaviors

Elicitor and Receptor Molecules: Orchestrators of Plant Defense and Immunity

Magnaporthe oryzae Systemic Defense Trigger 1 (MoSDT1)-Mediated Metabolites Regulate Defense Response in Rice

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