Pallial and subpallial derivatives in the embryonic chick and mouse telencephalon, traced by the expression of the genes Dlx-2, Emx-1, Nkx-2.1, Pax-6, and Tbr-1

Puelles, Luis; Kuwana, Ellen; Puelles, Eduardo; Bulfone, Alessandro; Shimamura, Kenji; Keleher, Jerry; Smiga, Susan; Rubenstein, John L.R.

doi:10.1002/1096-9861(20000828)424:3<409::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-7

Cited by 904 publications

(1,292 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…43 However, mammalian cortical layers and songbird pallial nuclei do not show a strict one-to-one correspondence. 44,45 Cntnap2 is also expressed in the songbird striatum, thalamus, Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum and brain regions homologous to the mammalian superior and inferior colliculi. 42 Strikingly, compared with surrounding tissue, Cntnap2 expression shows highly differential expression patterns within specialised cortico-striato-thalamic circuitry that makes up the songbird vocal pathway.…”

Section: Evolution Of Caspr2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shining a light on CNTNAP2: complex functions to complex disorders

2013

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The genetic basis of complex neurological disorders involving language are poorly understood, partly due to the multiple additive genetic risk factors that are thought to be responsible. Furthermore, these conditions are often syndromic in that they have a range of endophenotypes that may be associated with the disorder and that may be present in different combinations in patients. However, the emergence of individual genes implicated across multiple disorders has suggested that they might share similar underlying genetic mechanisms. The CNTNAP2 gene is an excellent example of this, as it has recently been implicated in a broad range of phenotypes including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, intellectual disability, dyslexia and language impairment. This review considers the evidence implicating CNTNAP2 in these conditions, the genetic risk factors and mutations that have been identified in patient and population studies and how these relate to patient phenotypes. The role of CNTNAP2 is examined in the context of larger neurogenetic networks during development and disorder, given what is known regarding the regulation and function of this gene. Understanding the role of CNTNAP2 in diverse neurological disorders will further our understanding of how combinations of individual genetic risk factors can contribute to complex conditions.

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Section: Evolution Of Caspr2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shining a light on CNTNAP2: complex functions to complex disorders

2013

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“…The pallium of tetrapods has been subdivided into lateral, dorsal, medial, and ventral components based on cellular migratory patterns, cytoarchitecture, gene expression, and connectivity (Holmgren, 1922; Bruce and Neary, 1995; Puelles, 1995; Puelles et al, 2000; Brox et al, 2004; Moreno and González, 2007; Nomura et al, 2008). While these divisions share a common basic plan at early developmental stages, later developmental programs trigger differential gene expression, neurogenetic patterns (Tsai et al, 1981; Nomura et al, 2013), lamination (Medina and Reiner, 2000), connectivity (Aboitiz et al, 2002; Karten, 2013), and cytoarchitecture (Wang et al, 2010) for each brain compartment.…”

Section: Comparisons Between Forebrain Organization In Mammals and Samentioning

confidence: 99%

From sauropsids to mammals and back: New approaches to comparative cortical development

Montiel

Vasistha

García-Moreno

et al. 2015

J of Comparative Neurology

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Evolution of the mammalian neocortex (isocortex) has been a persisting problem in neurobiology. While recent studies have attempted to understand the evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex from rodents, similar approaches have been used to study the changes between reptiles, birds, and mammals. We review here findings from the past decades on the development, organization, and gene expression patterns in various extant species. This review aims to compare cortical cell numbers and neuronal cell types to the elaboration of progenitor populations and their proliferation in these species. Several progenitors, such as the ventricular radial glia, the subventricular intermediate progenitors, and the subventricular (outer) radial glia, have been identified but the contribution of each to cortical layers and cell types through specific lineages, their possible roles in determining brain size or cortical folding, are not yet understood. Across species, larger, more diverse progenitors relate to cortical size and cell diversity. The challenge is to relate the radial and tangential expansion of the neocortex to the changes in the proliferative compartments during mammalian evolution and with the changes in gene expression and lineages evident in various sectors of the developing brain. We also review the use of recent lineage tracing and transcriptomic approaches to revisit theories and to provide novel understanding of molecular processes involved in specification of cortical regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:630–645, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…Two probes were used in the present study: Brn2 (probe template generated by PCR amplification of a 277bp fragment corresponding to nucleotides 857-1134 of the mouse brn-2 cDNA [GenBank NM_008899]) and Tbr1 (264 bp template generously provided by J. Rubenstein, UCSF, (Puelles et al, 2000)). Mice were analyzed at E16.5, with 3 wild type and 3 heterozygous mice examined for each probe.…”

Section: In Situ Hybridizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of Foxg1 expression by knock-in of Cre recombinase: Effects on the development of the mouse telencephalon

et al. 2007

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The Cre/loxP system is used routinely to manipulate gene expression in the mouse nervous system. In order to delete genes specifically from the telencephalon, the Foxg1-cre line was created previously by replacing the intron-less Foxg1 coding region with cre, resulting in a Foxg1 heterozygous mouse. As the telencephalon of heterozygous Foxg1 mice was reported to be normal, this genotype often has been used as the control in subsequent analyses. Here we describe substantial disruption of forebrain development of heterozygous mice in the Foxg1-cre line, maintained on the C57BL/6J background. High resolution magnetic resonance microscopy reveals a significant reduction in the volume of the neocortex, hippocampus and striatum. The alteration in the neocortex results, in part, from a decrease in its tangential dimension, although gross patterning of the cortical sheet appears normal. This decrease is observed in three different Foxg1 heterozygous mouse lines, independent of the method of achieving deletion of the Foxg1 gene. Although Foxg1 is not expressed in the diencephalon, three-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy revealed that thalamic volume in the adult is reduced. In contrast, at postnatal day 4, thalamic volume is normal, suggesting that interactions between cortex and dorsal thalamus postnatally produce the final adult thalamic phenotype. In the Foxg1-cre line maintained on the C57BL/6J background, the radial domain of the cerebral cortex also is disrupted substantially, particularly in supragranular layers. However, neither Foxg1 heterozygous mice of the Foxg1-tet line, nor those of the Foxg1-lacZ and Foxg1-cre lines maintained on a mixed background, displayed a reduced cortical thickness. Thus Cre recombinase contributes to the radial phenotype, although only in the context of the congenic C57BL/6J background. These observations highlight an important role for Foxg1 in cortical development, reveal noteworthy complexity in the invocation of specific mechanisms underlying phenotypes expressed following genetic manipulations and stress the importance of including appropriate controls of all genotypes. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Development of the cerebral cortex relies on extracellular cues and intrinsic signals that instruct the proliferation, differentiation and migration of neuronal precursors. The duration and location of these cues are critical to producing the final cortical architecture (FukuchiShimogori and Grove, 2001, Parnavelas et al., 2002, Rakic, 2002, Shimogori et al., 2004, Rash and Grove, 2006, Storm et al., 2006. The...

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Pallial and subpallial derivatives in the embryonic chick and mouse telencephalon, traced by the expression of the genes Dlx-2, Emx-1, Nkx-2.1, Pax-6, and Tbr-1

Cited by 904 publications

References 157 publications

Shining a light on CNTNAP2: complex functions to complex disorders

Shining a light on CNTNAP2: complex functions to complex disorders

From sauropsids to mammals and back: New approaches to comparative cortical development

Disruption of Foxg1 expression by knock-in of Cre recombinase: Effects on the development of the mouse telencephalon

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