“…If water is used as solvent, a stabilizer soluble in water is required and several systems have been reported to date especially for noble metals [18]. In the case of Pd aqueous suspensions, Pd chloride salts are often used as precursors in the presence of water soluble stabilizers like polymers (polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene diamine, polystyrene, polyethylene glycol) [19][20][21][22][23], short-and long-chain surfactants [24,25], calixarenes, cyclodextrins [26,27], natural ligand (glucose, starch, proteins) [28][29][30] and P-or P-O-based ligands [31,32]. As for heterogeneous catalysts, the main influencing synthesis parameters are the metal precursor, the solvent, and the stabilizing system.…”