Palladium nano-particles supported on agarose as efficient catalyst and bioorganic ligand for CC bond formation via solventless Mizoroki–Heck reaction and Sonogashira–Hagihara reaction in polyethylene glycol (PEG 400)

NiCl2·6H2O: an efficient catalyst precursor for phosphine-free Heck and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions

“…Because of the importance of this reaction in the synthesis of natural products, pharmaceuticals, polymers, dendrimers and also in organic synthesis [1][2][3][4][5], considerable effort has been devoted to the improvement of the efficiency and selectivity of the Pdcatalyzed Heck reactions [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. However, palladium is an expensive metal; description of commercial processes based on the Pd is less attractive for industrial scales.…”

Cross‐Coupling Reactions to sp Carbon Atoms

“…A series of aryl halides underwent the Sonogashira coupling reactions under Cu-as well as ligand-free conditions in polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and were catalyzed by Pd(0) nanoparticles immobilized on biodegradable polysaccharide agarose [104]. This catalytic system exhibited high efficiency, good recycling ability, and a rather low Pd loading.…”

Solid-Supported Palladium Catalysts in Sonogashira Reactions: Recent Developments

“…Agarose can catalyze the coupling of aryl iodides and bromides, bearing electron-donating and withdrawing groups, with terminal acetylenes, using triethylendiamine (DABCO) as base and dimethylacetamide (DMA) as solvent at 30-50 • C. This Pd/Cu supported catalyst has been reused three times with low metal leaching. In addition, unfunctionalized agarose has also been used to support PdNPs, catalyzing the cross-coupling of aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides with phenylacetylene in good yields, using potassium acetate as base and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as solvent at 90 • C [44]. Recycling experiments were conducted on a Heck reaction in five runs, observing a sharp decrease in the activity after the fourth.…”

“…Recycling experiments were conducted on a Heck reaction in five runs, observing a sharp decrease in the activity after the fourth. has also been used to support PdNPs, catalyzing the cross-coupling of aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides with phenylacetylene in good yields, using potassium acetate as base and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as solvent at 90 °C [44]. Recycling experiments were conducted on a Heck reaction in five runs, observing a sharp decrease in the activity after the fourth.…”