Palladium(II) octaalkoxy- and octaphenoxyphthalocyanines: Synthesis and evaluation as catalysts in the Sonogashira reaction

Copper and palladium bimetallic sub-nanoparticles were stabilized on modified polyaniline materials as an efficient catalyst to promote C–C coupling reactions in aqueous solution

“…Recent studies have shown that catalyst preformation strategies and the confined coordination of metals can prevent the agglomeration of metal particles to some extent and improve the catalytic activity of metals. [10][11][12][13] However, most of the currently reported catalytic systems still require the use of toxic solvents, inert gas protection, or the addition of promoters. [14][15][16] The above reaction conditions violate the fundamental principles of green chemistry.…”

Green synthesis of graphene oxide (GO)-anchored Pd/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles usingOcimum sanctumas bio-reductant: an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction

“…Additionally, the use of copper as co-catalyst exhibits several drawbacks such as generation of Hay/Glaser type homo-coupling products of terminal alkynes along with the desired coupling product, thereby decreasing the efficiency of its formation. [2][3][4][5][6] On the other hand, a few successful examples of copper-free Sonogashira coupling require expensive aminophosphine ligands. 7 A large number of reports on the Sonogashira reaction used homogeneous palladium catalysts, while comparatively advantageous heterogeneous palladium catalysts have received less attention.…”

“…Hence the necessity of heterogeneous approaches is highly preferred from the perspective of easy handling, easy catalyst separation and reusability. 4,5,[8][9][10][11] It is well-known that catalysis takes place on metal surface and nanoparticles (NPs) are much more reactive due to their small sizes and large surface areas than the particulate metal counterpart. As a result, heterogeneous catalysts in the form of nanoparticles have gained tremendous importance in the elds like catalysis.…”

Synthesis and effect of substituent position, metal type on the electrochemical properties of (3-morpholin-4-ylpropoxy) groups substituted cobalt, manganese phthalocyanines

“…Peripheral or nonperipheral tetra-substituted phthalocyanines have been investigated in different areas owing to their chemical and thermal stability that possess physical and chemical properties [1,2]. Phthalocyanines and their derivatives have been used in many applications such as chemical and biosensor [3], solar cell, [4,5], catalyst [6], nonlinear optic [7], liquid crystal [8], catalyst [9,10], photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) [11,12], because they have intense blue-green colour owing to the electronic delocalization of their 18π electrons. On the other hand, electrochemical characterization of phthalocyanines is important for the electrocatalyst [13], electrosensing [14], electropolymerization [15,16], electrochromic fields [17].…”