Palladium (II)‐Catalyzed C−H Activation with Bifunctional Ligands: From Curiosity to Industrialization

Abstract

In 2001, our curiosity to understand the stereochemistry of C–H metalation with Pd prompted our first studies in Pd(II)‐catalyzed asymmetric C–H activation. We identified four central challenges: 1. poor reactivity of simple Pd salts with native substrates; 2. few strategies to control site selectivity for remote C–H bonds; 3. the lack of chiral catalysts to achieve enantioselectivity via asymmetric C–H metalation, and 4. low practicality due to limited coupling partner scope and the use of specialized oxidants. These challenges necessitated new strategies in catalyst and reaction development. For reactivity, we developed approaches to enhance substrate‐catalyst affinity together with novel bifunctional ligands which participate in and accelerate the C–H cleavage step. For site‐selectivity, we introduced the concept of systematically modulating the distance and geometry between a directing template, catalyst, and substrate to selectively access remote C–H bonds. For enantioselectivity, we devised predictable stereomodels for catalyst‐controlled enantioselective C–H activation based on the participation of bifunctional ligands. Finally, for practicality, we have developed varied catalytic manifolds for Pd(II) to accommodate diverse coupling partners while employing practical oxidants such as simple peroxides. These advances have culminated in numerous C–H activation reactions of broadly useful native substrates with diverse coupling partners under mild conditions.