Palladium: Exposure, Uses, and Human Health Effects

Iavicoli, I.; Fontana, L.; Bergamaschi, A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63951-6.00575-1

Cited by 4 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…IL-4 and other Th2 cytokines can promote the development of allergic and autoimmune diseases by inducing B-cell proliferation and isotype switching from IgM to IgE. 48 Consequently, the decreasing trend in IL-4 and in most of the cytokines assessed seems an even more surprising finding considering that Pd ions are potent and frequent reacting sensitizers 13 and that bulk Pd has frequently been the subject of conjecture in the etiopathogenesis of allergic disorders, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]49 that are traditionally associated with a typical imbalance in the Th1/Th2 cytokines with a predominant Th2 pathway. In this preliminary phase of research, and given the limited information available with regard to the immunopotential of PdNPs, we cannot exclude that the unique set of PdNP physicochemical characteristics may affect their toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic behaviors, thus influencing the interactions with the immune system, in a potentially different manner compared to that of their bulk counterparts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strongly positive reactions to Pd dichloride (PdCl 2 ), indicating a hypersensitivity to the metal, have been observed by performing patch tests in patients (with metal bridges, crowns, or dental alloys containing Pd) who have experienced swelling and pain of the oral mucosa, itching, dizziness, xerostomia, and urticaria. 14 –19 Similarly, Pd hypersensitivity reactions caused by jewelry were observed when granulomatous contact dermatitis was associated with this metal in ear piercing in female patients, that, after patch testing, showed a distinctly positive reaction to PdCl 2 . 20,21 With regard to occupational exposures, Daenen et al 22 reported a case of asthma in a worker exposed to the fumes of an electrolysis bath containing Pd chloride, whereas other studies that investigated hypersensitivity to Pd in a number of different workplaces revealed the presence of positive skin prick and patch test reactions in refinery and catalyst industry workers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Subchronic exposure to palladium nanoparticles affects serum levels of cytokines in female Wistar rats

et al. 2017

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Recently, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) have been increasingly used in many industrial sectors, and this has led to a significant release of nano-sized palladium particles into the environment. However, despite the increase in occupational and general population exposure, information on the potential adverse effects of these PdNPs is still limited and their impact on the immune system constitutes a major health concern. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential adverse effects induced by subchronic intravenous administration of PdNPs on the immune system of female Wistar rats by evaluating alterations in Interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Interferon (INF)-γ, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α serum levels. Exposed and control animals were randomly divided into five groups (0, 0.012, 0.12, 1.2, and 12 μg PdNPs per kg body weight) which were treated with repeated intravenous injections of vehicle or PdNPs (on day 1, 30, and 60). Subchronic exposure to PdNPs induced a decreasing trend in serum levels in most of the cytokines investigated, with the highest concentration (12 μg/kg) determining significant inhibitory effects. Overall, these results showed that PdNPs are able to alter cytokine serum levels in subchronically treated Wistar rats, suggesting a possible impact of these xenobiotics on the immune system after long-term exposures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Subchronic exposure to palladium nanoparticles affects serum levels of cytokines in female Wistar rats

et al. 2017

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“…Epidemiological studies have shown that Pd ions are frequent reacting sensitizers. 16 Chemical and refinery workers are exposed to Pd salts during their daily tasks, which may cause primary respiratory, skin, and eye irritations. 4 Adverse health effects due to inhalation exposure and direct contact to palladium chloride have also been reported.…”

Section: Toxicology and Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Respiratory Exposure to Platinum Group Metals: A Review and Recommendations

Linde

Franken

Plessis

2017

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Platinum group metals (PGMs) is a group of metals that include platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. Occupational respiratory exposure to platinum has been reported since 1945, but studies investigating occupational exposure to palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium are scarce. This review provides a summation of the information available on the respiratory exposure to PGMs in various industrial settings, methods used to assess exposure, and the possible adverse health effects resulting from occupational exposure to PGMs. Of these effects, respiratory sensitization caused by soluble PGMs is of most importance. Metallic PGMs have not been shown to cause allergic reactions. This review reiterates that occupational respiratory exposure to PGMs is dependent on the type of industry where exposure takes place, the chemical form (soluble or insoluble) of the PGMs present in the workplace air, and the tasks performed by workers in the specific work areas. Sensitization to soluble platinum is associated with the degree of exposure to soluble platinum compounds, and the highest concentrations of soluble PGMs in workplace air have been reported for precious metals refineries where personal exposures frequently exceed the occupational exposure limit for soluble platinum (2 μg/m). Additionally, this review emphasizes that personal exposure monitoring is preferred over area monitoring when assessing workers' exposure to PGMs. The legislation applicable to occupational exposure to PGMs is also discussed, and it is highlighted that the occupational exposure limit for soluble platinum has remained unchanged, in most countries, since 1970 and that too few countries have classified PGM compounds as respiratory or skin sensitizers. Finally, recommendations are made to ensure that future investigations are comparable in terms of the type of exposure monitoring (personal or area) conducted, the type of tasks included in the exposure monitoring program, and the format in which results are reported.

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“…It is widely used in the production of synthetic polymers, in particular rubber and nylon. Alloys that contain palladium are used during fuel cells creation [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the significant growth of palladium objects, there is a need for the development and improvement of methods for its determination. e control of the content of palladium in mineral raw materials, industrial products, and waste production is an important task of analytical chemistry [4,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrophotometric Determination of Palladium(II) Ions Using a New Reagent: 4-(N’-(4-Imino-2-oxo-thiazolidine-5-ylidene)-hydrazino)-benzoic Acid (p-ITYBA)

Tymoshuk

Fedyshyn

Oleksiv

et al. 2020

Journal of Chemistry

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The simple, rapid spectrophotometric method for palladium(II) ions determination using a new analytical reagent is described. The interaction of Pd(II) ions with a reagent, of the class of azolidones, 4-(N′-(4-imino-2-oxo-thiazolidine-5-ylidene)-hydrazino)-benzoic acid, in water medium results in the formation of a complex. The Pd(II)-p-ITYBA complex shows maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 450 nm. The molar absorptivity is 4.30 × 103 L·mol−1·cm−1. The optimal pH for complex formation is 7.0. The developed method has a wide linearity range of 0.64–10.64 µg·mL−1 for Pd(II). The detection limit is 0.23 µg·mL−1. It was found that Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Fe(III), Cu(II), Al(III), and many anions do not interfere with the Pd(II) determination. The proposed method was tested in the analysis of model solutions and successfully applied for the determination of palladium in catalyst. The obtained results show that this method can be used for serial determinations of palladium in various objects.

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Palladium: Exposure, Uses, and Human Health Effects

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Subchronic exposure to palladium nanoparticles affects serum levels of cytokines in female Wistar rats

Subchronic exposure to palladium nanoparticles affects serum levels of cytokines in female Wistar rats

Occupational Respiratory Exposure to Platinum Group Metals: A Review and Recommendations

Spectrophotometric Determination of Palladium(II) Ions Using a New Reagent: 4-(N’-(4-Imino-2-oxo-thiazolidine-5-ylidene)-hydrazino)-benzoic Acid (p-ITYBA)

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