Palladium Decorated, Amine Functionalized Ni-, Cd- and Co-Ferrite Nanospheres as Novel and Effective Catalysts for 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Hydrogenation

Abstract

2,4-diaminotoluene (TDA) is one of the most important polyurethane precursors produced in large quantities by the hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene using catalysts. Any improvement during the catalysis reaction is therefore of significant importance. Separation of the catalysts by filtration is cumbersome and causes catalyst loss. To solve this problem, we have developed magnetizable, amine functionalized ferrite supported palladium catalysts. Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4-NH2), nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4-NH2), and cadmium ferrite (CdFe2O4-NH2) magnetic catalyst supports were produced by a simple coprecipitation/sonochemical method. The nanospheres formed contain only magnetic (spinel) phases and show catalytic activity even without noble metals (palladium, platinum, rhodium, etc.) during the hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 63% (n/n) conversion is also possible. By decorating the supports with palladium, almost 100% TDA selectivity and yield were ensured by using Pd/CoFe2O4-NH2 and Pd/NiFe2O4-NH2 catalysts. These catalysts possess highly favorable properties for industrial applications, such as easy separation from the reaction medium without loss by means of a magnetic field, enhanced reusability, and good dispersibility in aqueous medium. Contrary to non-functionalized supports, no significant leaching of precious metals could be detected even after four cycles.

Bentonite as eco-friendly natural mineral support for Pd/CoFe2O4 catalyst applied in toluene diamine synthesis

“…The developed Pd/CoFe 2 O 4 bentonite-based catalyst was compared to 14 other systems 11 , 12 , 12 , 13 , 36 applied in DNT hydrogenation by using the MIRA21 model 14 . It was found that the bentonite-based catalyst has a MIRA21 number of 11.09, which is just slightly lower than the best (11.50) and ranks as 8th within the list of 15 catalysts (see Supplementary Information).…”

Towards Machine Learning in Heterogeneous Catalysis—A Case Study of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Hydrogenation

“…In our previous work, a catalyst library was created regarding the 2,4-dinitrotoluene catalytic hydrogenation reaction based on the MIRA21 model [20]. This database contains 58 catalysts and the corresponding multiparametric characterization (see Supplementary Information) [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. All in all, five types of descriptors were considered (Table 1).…”

Simplified Synthesis of the Amine-Functionalized Magnesium Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Application in DNA Purification Method

“…Nanomaterials are continuously increasing in popularity for their advantageous properties in catalysis [ 1 ], carbon dioxide sequestration [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] and biological applications [ 5 ]. Among the various nanomaterials, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used for biological applications, such as magnetic resonance imaging [ 6 ], hyperthermia treatment [ 7 ], drug delivery [ 8 ] or the isolation of macromolecules [ 9 ], like deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).…”