“…In pioneering studies, Miura and co-workers developed methods for the direct arylation of aromatic carbonyl compounds, such as ketones, amides, or aldehydes, with aryl bromides or triflates used as the electrophiles (Scheme 58). [108,109] More recently, Sanford and co-workers investigated the use of iodonium salts, such as [Ph 2 I][BF 4 ] (153), for the direct arylation of 2-aryl pyridines (Scheme 59). [27] Here, detailed mechanistic studies indicated that a palladium(II)/palladium(IV) catalytic cycle [110][111][112] was operative rather than a palladium(0)/palladium(II) cycle, which had generally been proposed for direct arylations with aryl (pseudo)halides as electrophiles.…”