Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of unactivated alkylzinc reagents with 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and its application in the synthesis of fluorinated amino acids
Abstract:A palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of unactivated alkylzinc reagents with 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (BTP) has been developed, which was used as a key step to prepare a series of trifluoromethylated and difluoromethylated amino acids.
“…In summary, we have developed a catalytic method for the gem-difluoroallylation of a wide range of aryl and heteroaryl halides and pseudo halides with a bench-stable 3,3-difluoroallyl pinacol boronate (15), which we prepared from the inexpensive hydrofluorocarbon 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (9). High yields and regioselectivities have been achieved with the combination of Pd 2 (dba) 3 and cataCXium PICy at low loadings (0.1-2.5 mol % [Pd]).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This process (Scheme 1 c) would occur between widely available, readily accessible aryl halides or pseudo halides [13] and difluoroallyl boronates, which could be prepared by the defluorinative borylation of the inexpensive, gaseous 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (9), [14] or substituted trifluoromethyl alkenes. Thus far, just one example of the crosscoupling of an aryl halide with a substituted 3,3-difluoroallyl boronate has been reported (Scheme 1 d), [15] and this example required iodide as leaving group on the arene, occurred in modest yield (55 %), and required high catalyst loadings (10 mol % [Pd]).…”
We report the palladium-catalyzed gem-difluoroallylation of aryl halides and pseudo halides with 3,3-difluoroallyl boronates in high yield with high regioselectivity, and we report the preparation of the 3,3-difluoroallyl boronate reactants by a copper-catalyzed defluorinative borylation of inexpensive gaseous 3,3,3-trifluoropropene with bis(pinacolato)diboron. The gem-difluoroallylation of aryl and heteroaryl bromides proceeds with low catalyst loading (0.1 mol % [Pd]) and tolerates a wide range of functional groups, including primary alcohols, secondary amines, ethers, ketones, esters, amides, aldehydes, nitriles, halides, and nitro groups. This protocol extends to aryl iodides, chlorides, and triflates, as well as substituted difluoroallyl boronates, providing a versatile synthesis of gem-difluoroallyl arenes that we show to be valuable intermediates to a series of fluorinated building blocks.The difluoromethylene (CF 2 ) unit can be used to fine-tune the physical, chemical, and biological properties of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. [1] This unit can serve as a bioisostere for an ether linkage or a keto group in pharmaceuticals, [2] and, when positioned at a benzylic site, it can block metabolic oxidation at otherwise labile benzylic CÀH bonds. [2] Difluoromethylene groups also have been used to alter the lipophilicity and ground-state conformation of organic molecules. [2] Compounds containing difluoromethylene groups even serve as valuable reactants, for example undergoing CÀF bond activation during reactions that form alkyl fluorides. [3] However, the installation of a difluoromethylene group poses synthetic challenges. Classical approaches to access 1,1difluoroalkanes, such as the deoxyfluorination of ketones with DAST or Deoxo-Fluor , [4] the fluorodesulfurzation of dithianes, [5] and the hydrofluorination of alkynes, [6,7] typically proceed in low yield and exhibit poor functional group tolerance. Recently, difluoroalkylations catalyzed by transition-metal complexes have provided an alternative, convergent route to access compounds containing the difluoro-methylene group. [8] Among these, difluoroallylations are notable for their ability to simultaneously install a difluoromethylene group and a versatile alkene functional group. In 2014, Zhang et al. reported the palladium-catalyzed coupling of arylboron reagents 1 and 3-bromo-3,3-difluoropropene (2) to provide synthetically versatile gem-difluoroallyl arenes 3 (Scheme 1 a). [9] Similarly, Feng et al. demonstrated that aryl boronic acids 4 undergo cross-coupling with 2-aryl difluoroallyl quaternary ammonium salts 5 to provide 2-aryl difluoroallyl arenes 6 (Scheme 1 b). [10] However, the arylboron reagents used in these reactions as the source of the aryl group are much less available than aryl halides and the 3bromo-3,3-difluoropropene reagent used as the source of the difluoroallyl group in one protocol is expensive; [11] it is prepared from dibromodifluoromethane and ethylene by Scheme 1. Background on the difluoroallylation of a...
“…In summary, we have developed a catalytic method for the gem-difluoroallylation of a wide range of aryl and heteroaryl halides and pseudo halides with a bench-stable 3,3-difluoroallyl pinacol boronate (15), which we prepared from the inexpensive hydrofluorocarbon 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (9). High yields and regioselectivities have been achieved with the combination of Pd 2 (dba) 3 and cataCXium PICy at low loadings (0.1-2.5 mol % [Pd]).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This process (Scheme 1 c) would occur between widely available, readily accessible aryl halides or pseudo halides [13] and difluoroallyl boronates, which could be prepared by the defluorinative borylation of the inexpensive, gaseous 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (9), [14] or substituted trifluoromethyl alkenes. Thus far, just one example of the crosscoupling of an aryl halide with a substituted 3,3-difluoroallyl boronate has been reported (Scheme 1 d), [15] and this example required iodide as leaving group on the arene, occurred in modest yield (55 %), and required high catalyst loadings (10 mol % [Pd]).…”
We report the palladium-catalyzed gem-difluoroallylation of aryl halides and pseudo halides with 3,3-difluoroallyl boronates in high yield with high regioselectivity, and we report the preparation of the 3,3-difluoroallyl boronate reactants by a copper-catalyzed defluorinative borylation of inexpensive gaseous 3,3,3-trifluoropropene with bis(pinacolato)diboron. The gem-difluoroallylation of aryl and heteroaryl bromides proceeds with low catalyst loading (0.1 mol % [Pd]) and tolerates a wide range of functional groups, including primary alcohols, secondary amines, ethers, ketones, esters, amides, aldehydes, nitriles, halides, and nitro groups. This protocol extends to aryl iodides, chlorides, and triflates, as well as substituted difluoroallyl boronates, providing a versatile synthesis of gem-difluoroallyl arenes that we show to be valuable intermediates to a series of fluorinated building blocks.The difluoromethylene (CF 2 ) unit can be used to fine-tune the physical, chemical, and biological properties of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. [1] This unit can serve as a bioisostere for an ether linkage or a keto group in pharmaceuticals, [2] and, when positioned at a benzylic site, it can block metabolic oxidation at otherwise labile benzylic CÀH bonds. [2] Difluoromethylene groups also have been used to alter the lipophilicity and ground-state conformation of organic molecules. [2] Compounds containing difluoromethylene groups even serve as valuable reactants, for example undergoing CÀF bond activation during reactions that form alkyl fluorides. [3] However, the installation of a difluoromethylene group poses synthetic challenges. Classical approaches to access 1,1difluoroalkanes, such as the deoxyfluorination of ketones with DAST or Deoxo-Fluor , [4] the fluorodesulfurzation of dithianes, [5] and the hydrofluorination of alkynes, [6,7] typically proceed in low yield and exhibit poor functional group tolerance. Recently, difluoroalkylations catalyzed by transition-metal complexes have provided an alternative, convergent route to access compounds containing the difluoro-methylene group. [8] Among these, difluoroallylations are notable for their ability to simultaneously install a difluoromethylene group and a versatile alkene functional group. In 2014, Zhang et al. reported the palladium-catalyzed coupling of arylboron reagents 1 and 3-bromo-3,3-difluoropropene (2) to provide synthetically versatile gem-difluoroallyl arenes 3 (Scheme 1 a). [9] Similarly, Feng et al. demonstrated that aryl boronic acids 4 undergo cross-coupling with 2-aryl difluoroallyl quaternary ammonium salts 5 to provide 2-aryl difluoroallyl arenes 6 (Scheme 1 b). [10] However, the arylboron reagents used in these reactions as the source of the aryl group are much less available than aryl halides and the 3bromo-3,3-difluoropropene reagent used as the source of the difluoroallyl group in one protocol is expensive; [11] it is prepared from dibromodifluoromethane and ethylene by Scheme 1. Background on the difluoroallylation of a...
“…This process (Scheme 1 c) would occur between widely available, readily accessible aryl halides or pseudo halides [13] and difluoroallyl boronates, which could be prepared by the defluorinative borylation of the inexpensive, gaseous 3,3,3‐trifluoropropene ( 9 ), [14] or substituted trifluoromethyl alkenes. Thus far, just one example of the cross‐coupling of an aryl halide with a substituted 3,3‐difluoroallyl boronate has been reported (Scheme 1 d), [15] and this example required iodide as leaving group on the arene, occurred in modest yield (55 %), and required high catalyst loadings (10 mol % [Pd]).…”
We report the palladium-catalyzed gem-difluoroallylation of aryl halides and pseudo halides with 3,3-difluoroallyl boronates in high yield with high regioselectivity, and we report the preparation of the 3,3-difluoroallyl boronate reactants by a copper-catalyzed defluorinative borylation of inexpensive gaseous 3,3,3-trifluoropropene with bis(pinacolato)diboron. The gem-difluoroallylation of aryl and heteroaryl bromides proceeds with low catalyst loading (0.1 mol % [Pd]) and tolerates a wide range of functional groups, including primary alcohols, secondary amines, ethers, ketones, esters, amides, aldehydes, nitriles, halides, and nitro groups. This protocol extends to aryl iodides, chlorides, and triflates, as well as substituted difluoroallyl boronates, providing a versatile synthesis of gem-difluoroallyl arenes that we show to be valuable intermediates to a series of fluorinated building blocks.The difluoromethylene (CF 2 ) unit can be used to fine-tune the physical, chemical, and biological properties of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. [1] This unit can serve as a bioisostere for an ether linkage or a keto group in pharmaceuticals, [2] and, when positioned at a benzylic site, it can block metabolic oxidation at otherwise labile benzylic CÀH bonds. [2] Difluoromethylene groups also have been used to alter the lipophilicity and ground-state conformation of organic molecules. [2] Compounds containing difluoromethylene groups even serve as valuable reactants, for example undergoing CÀF bond activation during reactions that form alkyl fluorides. [3] However, the installation of a difluoromethylene group poses synthetic challenges. Classical approaches to access 1,1difluoroalkanes, such as the deoxyfluorination of ketones with DAST or Deoxo-Fluor , [4] the fluorodesulfurzation of dithianes, [5] and the hydrofluorination of alkynes, [6,7] typically proceed in low yield and exhibit poor functional group tolerance. Recently, difluoroalkylations catalyzed by transition-metal complexes have provided an alternative, convergent route to access compounds containing the difluoro-methylene group. [8] Among these, difluoroallylations are notable for their ability to simultaneously install a difluoromethylene group and a versatile alkene functional group. In 2014, Zhang et al. reported the palladium-catalyzed coupling of arylboron reagents 1 and 3-bromo-3,3-difluoropropene (2) to provide synthetically versatile gem-difluoroallyl arenes 3 (Scheme 1 a). [9] Similarly, Feng et al. demonstrated that aryl boronic acids 4 undergo cross-coupling with 2-aryl difluoroallyl quaternary ammonium salts 5 to provide 2-aryl difluoroallyl arenes 6 (Scheme 1 b). [10] However, the arylboron reagents used in these reactions as the source of the aryl group are much less available than aryl halides and the 3bromo-3,3-difluoropropene reagent used as the source of the difluoroallyl group in one protocol is expensive; [11] it is prepared from dibromodifluoromethane and ethylene by Scheme 1. Background on the difluoroallylation of a...
“…The ester functionality was saponified under lithium hydroxide-mediated conditions to give the free carboxylic acid 222 , a substrate ready for further functionalisation. Scheme 43 Negishi cross-coupling in the synthesis of trifluoromethyl alkene amino acids, Zhang and co-workers [ 161 ]. …”
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