“…The use of antibiotics in aquaculture is limited and discouraged due to associated environmental and human health problems (Romalde ; Arijo, Rico, Chabrillon, Diaz‐Rosales, Martinez‐Manzanares, Balebona, Magarinos, Toranzo & Morinigo ; Cabello ; Alves, Costa, Cunha, Faustino, Neves & Almeida ; Pridgeon & Klesius ). In addition, antibiotics in market‐ready products are prohibited (Hall, Kenway, Salmon, Francis, Goulden & Hoj ) because they can accumulate in animal tissues and might alter human intestinal flora causing food envenom or allergy (Di Costanzo, Paparo, Cosenza, Di Scala, Nocerino, Aitoro & Canani ). In contrast, vaccines are effective in adult animals, but their administration is not suitable in certain hatchery compartments (Vadstein ).…”