Paleozoic evolution of southern margin of Permian basin

Ross, Charles A.

doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<536:peosmo>2.0.co;2

Cited by 106 publications

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“…1), off-shelf synorogenic deposition began in the Middle Mississippian and continued to early Early Permian over the preorogenic passive-margin slope facies (King 1937;Ross 1986;McBride 1989). Tectonic loading and subsidence of the continental shelf began diachronously along the continental margin around the Marathon embayment, leading to subsidence of the Kerr and Val Verde foreland basins along the northwest-striking Texas transform and the Marfa foreland basin along the northeast-striking Marathon rift margin of the embayment (Fig.…”

Section: Mississippian-permian Forelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Mechanism for Tectonic Inheritance at Transform Faults of the Iapetan Margin of Laurentia

Thomas

2014

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Transform faults along the Iapetan rifted continental margin of Laurentia offset the continental rift and/or bound domains of oppositely dipping low-angle detachments. Rift-parallel and transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems extend into continental crust inboard from the rifted margin. Ages of synrift igneous rocks, ranging from 765 to 530 Ma, document non-systematic diachroneity of rifting along the Iapetan margin. Synrift sedimentary accumulations show abrupt variations in thickness across transform faults, and some concentrations of synrift igneous rocks are distributed along transform faults and transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems. The greatest thicknesses of Cambrian–Ordovician passive-margin shelf-carbonate deposits are along transform margins and in continental-margin basins along transform faults, as well as along transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems, indicating anomalously great post-rift thermal subsidence along transform faults. Along the Ordovician–Permian Appalachian-Ouachita orogenic belt, a diachronous array of synorogenic clastic wedges fills foreland basins, recording tectonic-load-driven flexural subsidence of the lithosphere. The greatest thicknesses of synorogenic clastic wedges of all ages are consistently in foreland basins along transform margins and inboard from intersections of transform faults with the rifted margin, indicating systematically weaker lithosphere along transform faults. The distinctive and pervasive properties and behaviour of the lithosphere along transform faults in successive tectonic settings suggest fundamental controls on tectonic inheritance at transform faults. Recent models for continental rifting incorporate ductile extension of the mantle lithosphere beneath brittle extension of the crust; the domain of ductile extension of the mantle lithosphere may reach significantly inboard from the rifted margin of the brittle crust, accounting for rift-parallel extensional faults in the crust inboard from the rifted margin. A transform offset of a rift in brittle crust requires a similar offset in ductile extension of the mantle lithosphere, leading to differential ductile flow on opposite sides of the transform and imparting a transform-parallel distributed-shear fabric. Transform-parallel distributed shear in the mantle lithosphere provides a mechanism for brittle transform-parallel fault systems in the continental crust. Studies of seismic anisotropy show fast directions parallel with transform faults, indicating systematic orientation of crystals through transform-parallel distributed shear in the mantle lithosphere.SOMMAIRELes failles transformantes le long de la marge continentale divergente japétienne de la Laurentie décalent le rift continental et/ou les domaines accrétés en des décollements à pendages opposés faibles. Des systèmes de failles intracratoniques parallèles au rift, et parallèles à la transformation, pénètrent vers l’intérieur de la croûte continentale à partir de la marge de rift. Les âges des roches ignées syn-rift, entre 765 Ma et 530 Ma, témoignent d’une activité de rifting diachronique non-systématique le long de la marge japétienne. Des empilements sédimentaires syn-rifts montrent des variations abruptes d’épaisseur d’une faille transformante à l’autre, et des concentrations de roches ignées syn-rifts se répartissent le long des systèmes de failles transformantes et de failles intracratoniques parallèles. Les accumulations les plus épaisses de carbonates de plateforme de marge continentale passive se trouvent le long des marges de cisaillement et dans les bassins de marge continentale le long de failles transformantes, de même qu’au long des systèmes de failles intracratoniques parallèles, évoquant une subsidence anormalement forte le long des failles transformantes. Le long de la bande orogénique ordovicienne-permienne Appalaches-Ouachita, une gamme diachronique de prismes clastiques synorogéniques remplit les bassins d’avant-pays, attestant d’une subsidence par flexure lithosphérique d’origine tectonique. Les plus grandes épaisseurs de prismes clastiques synorogéniques à tous les âges sont toujours situées dans les bassins d’avant-pays le long des marges transformantes, et vers l’intérieur, à partir des intersections des failles transformantes avec la marge de rift, indiquant une lithosphère systématiquement plus fragile le long des failles transformantes. Les propriétés particulières et le comportement généralisés de la lithosphère le long des failles transformantes dans les contextes tectoniques successifs sont la marque de contrôles fondamentaux sur l'héritage tectonique des failles transformantes. Les modèles récents de rifting continental comportent une extension ductile de la lithosphère mantellique sous l’extension cassante de la croûte; le domaine d'extension ductile de la lithosphère mantellique peut s’étendre significativement vers l’intérieur de la marge de divergence de la croûte cassante, d’où les failles d'extension parallèle au rift, à l’intérieur de la croûte de la marge de divergence. Un décalage de transformation de rift de la croûte comporte un décalage du même genre de l’extension ductile de la lithosphère mantellique, ce qui implique un différentiel de flux ductile sur les bords opposés de la transformation, d’où cette fabrique d’extension parallèle à la transformation. L’extension parallèle à la transformation de la lithosphère mantellique fournit un mécanisme qui explique les systèmes de failles transformantes parallèles dans la croûte continentale. Les études de l’anisotropie sismique montre les grandes vitesses de propagation parallèles aux failles de transformations, ce qui indique une orientation systématique des cristaux induite par une extension répartie selon les cassures transformantes dans la lithosphère mantellique.

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Section: Mississippian-permian Forelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3) (Ross 1986;Luff and Pearson, in Frenzel et al 1988). The maximum thickness of the synorogenic clastic wedge is ~3000 m (Ross 1986); high subsidence rates characterize the basin near the corner of the Marathon embayment (Fig.…”

Section: Mississippian-permian Forelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mechanism for Tectonic Inheritance at Transform Faults of the Iapetan Margin of Laurentia

Thomas

2014

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“…In the Pennsylvanian, continental collision resulted in crustal block movement along high-angle faults formed earlier in the Precambrian rifting phase. This crustal block movement created two areas of subsidence and an uplifted zone within the basin (Hills 1984;Ross 1986). The uplift divided the basin into three separate provinces: the Delaware Basin to the west, the Central Basin Platform, and the Midland Basin to the east.…”

Section: Hydrocarbon Generation and Overpressure Development In The Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of hydrocarbon generation, basal heat flow and sediment compaction on overpressure development: a numerical study

Hansom

Lee

2005

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This study outlines numerical experiments to investigate the effects of hydrocarbon generation, basal heat flow and sediment compaction on overpressure development in evolving sedimentary basins. The model integrates predicted groundwater flow and temperature and pressure distribution with thermal maturation simulations. The programme uses the Arrhenius kinetic model to simulate the kerogen-oil or oil-gas conversion processes. Such conversion processes result in an increase in fluid volume and overpressure development since oil and gas generated are less dense than their precursors. The model integrates an equation of state to calculate gas densities for the CH 4 -CO 2 -H 2 O system over a wide temperaturepressure (T-P) range expected in sedimentary basins; this approach allows for prediction of the rate of pore volume increases and fluid pressure changes due to gas generation. Sample calculations of compaction of kerogen-rich shales in the Delaware Basin shed light on the magnitudes of overpressures created by hydrocarbon generation from the Late Pennsylvanian to Middle Permian. Oil generation can cause excess pore pressure (c. 425 atm) up to c. 40% of that generated by compaction only (c. 300 atm). Oil and CH 4 gas generation together yield the maximum excess pressure (c. 750 atm) up to about 150% of that generated by compaction only. There is much greater pore pressure build-up from oil to CH 4 conversion (c. 325 atm) than oil to CO 2 conversion (c. 75 atm) because density of CH 4 gas is less than that of CO 2 under the same P and T conditions. Sensitivity analyses also show that lower activation energy and higher pre-exponential factor lead to faster thermal cracking that allows oil or gas to reach peak generation earlier.Moreover, a basin experiencing a high heat flow throughout the burial history reaches hydrocarbon generation and overpressure development earlier. Calculation results also show that the oil and gas windows become deeper as the sedimentation rate increases. Thus, a basin experiencing high sedimentation rates would exhibit higher levels of thermal maturity and excess pore pressure over the deeper section. This also implies that greater overpressure may be expected at shallower depths in a basin with relatively low sedimentation rates. The modelling results demonstrate that kinetic parameters, basal heat flow and sedimentation rates all influence the timing, duration and depth of oil and gas generation, which in turn, profoundly affects the spatial and temporal distribution of overpressure.

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“…This restriction may have occurred when the Capitan reef and reef debris protruded into the channel (Ross 1986;Garber et al 1989) or when the channel became narrower and shallower because of a fall in sea level (Forney 1975;Ross and Ross 1987). Because of the restriction, because the climate was arid (Kutzbach and Gallimore 1989;Scholle et al 1992;Parrish 1995), and because riverine water was absent, there was a progressive increase in the salinity of the basinal and shelfal marine water.…”

Section: Prelude To the Castile Evaporitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parent Brine of the Castile Evaporites (Upper Permian), Texas and New Mexico

Kirkland

Denison

Dean

2000

Journal of Sedimentary Research

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The Upper Permian (lower Ochoan) Castile Formation is a major evaporite sequence (ϳ10,000 km 3 ) of calcite, anhydrite, and halite in west Texas and southeastern New Mexico. Traditionally the Castile brine has been considered to have been derived from seawater. This tradition has recently been challenged by two versions of the closed-basin drawdown model. They call for deposition from a mixed brine, in part marine and in large part nonmarine. They propose drawdown of as much as 500 m to form a major sink for ground water issuing from the surrounding Capitan reef complex. A large fraction of the solute in the brine body is inferred to have been recycled from older Permian evaporites on the surrounding shelf.Strontium-isotope analyses show no evidence that meteoric ground water was contributed to the Castile brine. From a stratigraphic, geographic, and lithologic array of 65 samples of anhydrite, gypsum, and calcite, 59 have an 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of 0.706923 (⌬sw of Ϫ225.0), a ratio that is the same as that of strontium in early Ochoan ocean water. If considerable (Ͼ15%) influx of meteoric water had occurred, enough continental strontium would have been introduced to have resulted in higher ratios.Low bromide values (20-40 ppm) in Castile halite, which have been used to argue for meteoric influx and for recycled salt, probably resulted from diagenesis. During shallow burial by halite, centimeter-size, bottom-grown crystals of gypsum were altered to nodular anhydrite. The rising water of dehydration caused the halite to recrystallize. During the recrystallization, some bromide was expelled.Despite the large volume of water that evaporated annually from its surface (ϳ52 km 3 /yr, assuming an evaporation rate of 2 m/yr), the Castile brine body never completely desiccated. The surrounding shelf was flat, hot, and generally dry. It probably could not have supplied a significant volume of meteoric spring water to the basin over tens of thousands of years. More likely, during the entire history of the evaporite sequence, influx was dominantly marine. Marine ground water flowed through the Capitan Formation into the evaporite basin along its southern and possibly western margin probably with a rate of flow that was usually fast enough to prevent major drawdown of the brine surface.

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Paleozoic evolution of southern margin of Permian basin

Cited by 106 publications

References 0 publications

A Mechanism for Tectonic Inheritance at Transform Faults of the Iapetan Margin of Laurentia

A Mechanism for Tectonic Inheritance at Transform Faults of the Iapetan Margin of Laurentia

Effects of hydrocarbon generation, basal heat flow and sediment compaction on overpressure development: a numerical study

Parent Brine of the Castile Evaporites (Upper Permian), Texas and New Mexico

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