Paleopathology of cardiovascular diseases in South American mummies

Gabrovsky, Alexander N.; O''Neill, Kelsey D; Gerszten, Enrique

doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.176

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Closely related chimpanzees also have many risk factors in captivity, including hypertension (4), high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (5), elevated lipoprotein(a) levels (6), and a sedentary lifestyle, yet rarely suffer atherosclerotic CVD events (5,(7)(8)(9)(10), but instead often develop a different cardiac disease, interstitial myocardial fibrosis (5,9,11). While extrinsic factors related to transition from hunter-gatherer lifestyle/diet to current sedentary Western conditions likely contribute to the human propensity (12)(13)(14); the prevalence of advanced atherosclerosis in well-preserved mummies from four diverse ancient cultures (15)(16)(17) suggests a disease that is intrinsic to human aging. Taken together, the data suggest that one must also consider mechanisms intrinsic to the biology of our species, that is, genetic changes that occurred during the evolution of the human species after the common ancestor with the chimpanzee (>7 Mya).…”

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confidence: 99%

Human species-specific loss of CMP- N -acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase enhances atherosclerosis via intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms

Kawanishi

Dhar

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) events due to atherosclerosis cause one-third of worldwide deaths and risk factors include physical inactivity, age, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and red meat consumption. However, ∼15% of first-time events occur without such factors. In contrast, coronary events are extremely rare even in closely related chimpanzees in captivity, despite human-like CVD–risk-prone blood lipid profiles, hypertension, and mild atherosclerosis. Similarly, red meat-associated enhancement of CVD event risk does not seem to occur in other carnivorous mammals. Thus, heightened CVD risk may be intrinsic to humans, and genetic changes during our evolution need consideration. Humans exhibit a species-specific deficiency of the sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), due to pseudogenization of cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) hydroxylase (CMAH), which occurred in hominin ancestors ∼2 to 3 Mya. Ldlr−/− mice with human-like Cmah deficiency fed a sialic acids (Sias)-free high-fat diet (HFD) showed ∼1.9-fold increased atherogenesis over Cmah wild-type Ldlr−/− mice, associated with elevated macrophage cytokine expression and enhanced hyperglycemia. Human consumption of Neu5Gc (from red meat) acts as a “xeno-autoantigen” via metabolic incorporation into endogenous glycoconjugates, as interactions with circulating anti-Neu5Gc “xeno-autoantibodies” potentiate chronic inflammation (“xenosialitis”). Cmah−/−Ldlr−/− mice immunized with Neu5Gc-bearing antigens to generate human-like anti-Neu5Gc antibodies suffered a ∼2.4-fold increased atherosclerosis on a Neu5Gc-rich HFD, compared with Neu5Ac-rich or Sias-free HFD. Lesions in Neu5Gc-immunized and Neu5Gc-rich HFD-fed Cmah−/−Ldlr−/− mice were more advanced but unexplained by lipoprotein or glucose changes. Human evolutionary loss of CMAH likely contributes to atherosclerosis predisposition via multiple intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, and future studies could consider this more human-like model.

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confidence: 99%

Human species-specific loss of CMP- N -acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase enhances atherosclerosis via intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms

Kawanishi

Dhar

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Atherosclerosis is described as “accelerated arterial aging,” characterized by a mass inflammatory fibroproliferative response of VSMCs 10, 48, 49, 50, 51. PDGF‐BB, TGF‐β1, p‐SMAD‐2/3 and collagen deposition are all involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis 5, 26, 40, 41, 52, 53…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calorie Restriction Curbs Proinflammation That Accompanies Arterial Aging, Preserving a Youthful Phenotype

Wang

Zhang

Zhu

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundAging exponentially increases the incidence of morbidity and mortality of quintessential cardiovascular disease mainly due to arterial proinflammatory shifts at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels within the arterial wall. Calorie restriction (CR) in rats improves arterial function and extends both health span and life span. How CR affects the proinflammatory landscape of molecular, cellular, and tissue phenotypic shifts within the arterial wall in rats, however, remains to be elucidated.Methods and ResultsAortae were harvested from young (6‐month‐old) and old (24‐month‐old) Fischer 344 rats, fed ad libitum and a second group maintained on a 40% CR beginning at 1 month of age. Histopathologic and morphometric analysis of the arterial wall demonstrated that CR markedly reduced age‐associated intimal medial thickening, collagen deposition, and elastin fractionation/degradation within the arterial walls. Immunostaining/blotting showed that CR effectively prevented an age‐associated increase in the density of platelet‐derived growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase type II activity, and transforming growth factor beta 1 and its downstream signaling molecules, phospho‐mothers against decapentaplegic homolog‐2/3 (p‐SMAD‐2/3) in the arterial wall. In early passage cultured vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from AL and CR rat aortae, CR alleviated the age‐associated vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic shifts, profibrogenic signaling, and migration/proliferation in response to platelet‐derived growth factor.Conclusions CR reduces matrix and cellular proinflammation associated with aging that occurs within the aortic wall and that are attributable to platelet‐derived growth factor signaling. Thus, CR reduces the platelet‐derived growth factor–associated signaling cascade, contributing to the postponement of biological aging and preservation of a more youthful aortic wall phenotype.

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“…Seventeen records evaluated chronic, infectious, or neoplastic diseases. Cardiovascular diseases were demonstrated in 10 studies (Allam et al, 2011;Chandrashekhar and Narula, 2011;Thompson et al, 2013Thompson et al, , 2014Clarke et al, 2014;Wann and Thomas, 2014;Wann et al, 2015;Gabrovsky et al, 2016;Panzer et al, 2021;Herrerín et al, 2022), while 7 (Friedrich et al, 2010;Hussein et al, 2013;Lacout et al, 2016aLacout et al, , 2016bHerrerin et al, 2018;Ventura et al, 2021) assessed the aforementioned pathological conditions. Today, CVD represents the leading cause of death worldwide in both men and women, accounting for at least one-third of all deaths in women and half of deaths in women over 50 years in developing countries (Vaccarezza et al, 2020).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, inhaling cooking fire smoke and chronic infection or inflammation is likely to have been crucial in developing atherogenic plaques in ancient populations. In 2016, Gabrovsky et al (Gabrovsky et al, 2016), suggested that the chew-Discover the anatomy of the mummies: how imaging techniques contribute to understanding disease in the past ing of coca leaves, a habitual cultural practice unique to South American populations might have beneficial effects in decreasing cardiovascular risk among ancient people living in South America. Moreover, Panzer et al (Panzer et al, 2021), tried to correlate atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis in mummies from ancient Egypt.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discover the anatomy of the mummies: how imaging techniques contribute to understanding disease in the past

Papa,

Vaccarezza,

Galassi

et al. 2023

Ital J Anat Embryol

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Mummies are the well-preserved remains of humans or animals in which non-bony tissue has been maintained naturally or artificially. Their significance lies in their contribution to paleopathological research, which involves understanding the history and evolution of diseases and providing insights into past populations’ cultural and social practices. In recent years, mummies studies used nondestructive methods, including modern imaging techniques, to assess the main pathological features of these unique human remains. This mini-review focuses on the role of paleoradiology in mummies’ studies and describes the history of mummy radiography and CT scanning over the last fifteen years. The search strategy was conducted between January and April 2023. One thousand one hundred twenty-four records (1124) were initially identified, and 52 studies were assessed for qualitative synthesis. Three main themes and four subthemes were identified, providing a general overview of the role of paleoradiology or offering methodological guidelines. Also, subthemes assessed the role that the use of radiology has in the diagnosis of specific pathologies. Therefore, imaging techniques in ancient human remains might help understand the history and evolution of past and present diseases and their risk factors.

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Paleopathology of cardiovascular diseases in South American mummies

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Human species-specific loss of CMP- N -acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase enhances atherosclerosis via intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms

Human species-specific loss of CMP- N -acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase enhances atherosclerosis via intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms

Calorie Restriction Curbs Proinflammation That Accompanies Arterial Aging, Preserving a Youthful Phenotype

Discover the anatomy of the mummies: how imaging techniques contribute to understanding disease in the past

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