Paleoenvironmental interpretations of rare earth element signatures in mosasaurs (reptilia) from the upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, central South Dakota, USA

Geochemical changes across the Ordovician-Silurian transition on the Yangtze Platform, South China

“…Such patterns can be compared to those of the Upper Ordovician deposits from the South Uplands of Scotland [18] , which have essentially flat shale-normalized REE distribution patterns. The fact that REE patterns of shales from the same stratigraphic horizon are similar in different localities, even over a long distance, suggests that depositional environment on Yangtze Platform were uniform [34] . This is consistent with the scenario of restricted, stagnant and stratified environment [12] .…”

“…In this study, the geochemical evidence suggests that the anoxic environment predominated over the Yangtze Platform during the Wufeng and Longmaxi intervals, and oxic bottom waters predominated over the Guanyingqiao interval. Patricka et al [34] suggested that changes between oxic and anoxic marine waters in one locality might occur in several ways: (1) changes in water depth, (2) changes in organic productivity, and (3) changes in vertical stratification in upwelling or intensity of wind-driven marine currents. Although other factors cannot be ruled out, many researchers have proposed relative changes in sea level during this period [1,7,12] .…”

Variability of trace element uptake in marine reptile bones from three Triassic sites (S Poland): Influence of diagenetic processes on the host rock and significance of the applied methodology

“…However, marine and continental water, as well as pore water, are commonly characterised by a negative Ce anomaly, because cerium is quickly oxidised and easily bound by various ligands, solid particles, Fe-Mn compounds, and other authigenic phases (e.g., Alibo and Nozaki, 1999;Dia et al, 2000;Haley et al, 2004;Pattan et al, 2005;Leybourne and Johannesson, 2008;Pourret et al, 2008). The negative Ce anomaly is commonly inherited by vertebrate bioclasts (e.g., Picard et al, 2002;Patrick et al, 2004;Labs-Hochstein and MacFadden, 2006;Tütken et al, 2008;Rogers et al, 2010;Kowal-Linka et al, 2014). The positive Ce anomaly in the Gogolin bones therefore requires the recognition of an additional source of Ce 3+ , and conditions that enabled the reduction of Ce 4+ .…”

“…Accordingly, the REE concentrations and ratios in vertebrate bioclasts have been used for taphonomic and provenance studies (Trueman and Benton, 1997;Trueman, 1999;Staron et al, 2001;Patrick et al, 2002Patrick et al, , 2007Trueman and Tuross, 2002;Trueman et al, 2004Trueman et al, , 2005Trueman et al, , 2006Trueman et al, , 2008aMacFadden et al, 2007;Suarez et al, 2007Suarez et al, , 2010Cook and Trueman, 2009;Grandstaff and Terry, 2009;Rogers et al, 2010;Tütken et al, 2011), approximation of palaeoenvironmental conditions (Metzger et al, 2004;Patrick et al, 2004;Martin et al, 2005;Anderson et al, 2007;Kocsis et al, 2009), palaeoceanographical reconstructions (Staudigel et al, 1985;Elderfield and Pagett, 1986;Wright et al, 1987;Martin and Haley, 2000;Martin and Scher, 2004;Dopieralska et al, 2006Dopieralska et al, , 2012Dopieralska, 2009;Zheng et al, 2013;Dera et al, in press), evaluation of redox states (Suarez et al, 2010), and other purposes. However, the most recent investigations indicate that trace element uptake can be a long-lasting process, and that even N50% of foreign ions can be incorporated after early diagenesis (Koenig et al, 2009;Kocsis et al, 2010;Herwartz et al, 2011Herwartz et al, , 2013a…”

The environmental index of the rare earth elements in conodonts: Evidence from the Ordovician conodonts of the Huanghuachang Section, Yichang area

“…Such patterns can be compared to those of the Upper Ordovician deposits from the Southern Uplands of Scotland [27], indicating no apparent fractionation between the LREE and HREE, and a relatively stable structure with little effect from terrigenous materials [27,28]. In the previous study, the sedimentary environment of the Fenxiang Formation was considered to consist of platform margin shoals or organic reefs, far from shore [8].…”