Paleo-earthquake records of the Hengchun offshore structure, southern Taiwan, revealed by uplifted coral colonies

Liu, Sze-Chieh; Shyu, J. Bruce H.; Shen, Chuan‐Chou

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2021.229049

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…These sea notches indicate periods of rapid land‐level changes since 7–8 ka. Similar features have been well documented in other active deformation belts (Hsieh & Rau, 2009; Liu et al., 2021; Ramı́rez‐Herrera et al., 2004; Y. Wang et al., 2013), and their relationships with coseismic uplifts have been proposed or established. Given these historical and geologic records, the seismogenic potential along the Liuchiu anticline cannot be ignored.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Despite the popularity of attributing anticlinal deformation to mud diapirism in southwestern Taiwan, studies reveal a significant influence of active fault systems in this area's geology and geomorphology (e.g., Y.‐G. Chen & Liu, 2000; Gong et al., 1996, 1998; Hsieh & Knuepfer, 2001; Liu et al., 2021; Mouthereau et al., 2001; Shyu et al., 2005, 2016, 2020). Disagreement therefore exists regarding whether the anticlinal structures are caused by mud diapirism, or whether they are simply fault‐related folds (e.g., Biete et al., 2018; S.‐T.…”

Section: Geological Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leveling survey and InSAR analysis also show rapid ground uplift over some proposed diapiric anticlines, at rates of 18-37 mm/yr (Ching et al, 2016;Tsukahara & Takada, 2018). Despite the popularity of attributing anticlinal deformation to mud diapirism in southwestern Taiwan, studies reveal a significant influence of active fault systems in this area's geology and geomorphology (e.g., Y.-G. Chen & Liu, 2000;Gong et al, 1996Gong et al, , 1998Hsieh & Knuepfer, 2001;Liu et al, 2021;Mouthereau et al, 2001;Shyu et al, 2005Shyu et al, , 2016Shyu et al, , 2020. Disagreement therefore exists regarding whether the anticlinal structures are caused by mud diapirism, or whether they are simply fault-related folds (e.g., Biete et al, 2018;S.-T. Huang et al, 2004;Lacombe et al, 1999).…”

Section: 1029/2022tc007234mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mud Diapir or Fault‐Related Fold? On the Development of an Active Mud‐Cored Anticline Offshore Southwestern Taiwan

et al. 2022

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There has been a controversial debate about the roles of diapiric folding versus fault‐related folding in mud‐cored anticlines. This study tackles this debate by looking into the structural developments in southwestern Taiwan. Among all the structures, the Liuchiu anticline is the only active structure exposed above sea level and therefore offers a unique opportunity to integrate land and marine data sets. On Liuchiu Island, we obtained the fold core geometry at the surface and identified three terrace groups with age constraints. In the offshore area, we obtained the fold limb geometry from seismic profiles. Given the tight fold shape and the asymmetric terrace tilting, we found that a hybrid fault tip fold‐fault propagation fold model can best explain the geologic and geomorphic features. In this regard, mud diapirism should be a secondary process, possibly along discrete patches of mobile shales to enhance fold amplification. Our model yields decreasing shortening rates from 0.7 mm/yr during the Plio‐Pleistocene to 0.375 mm/yr since 120 ka. The uplift rate however increases since the mid‐Holocene, which we tentatively attribute to larger mobile shale deformation triggered by earthquakes along the fault after the near‐fault fluids are drained. At the regional scale, we further suggest that the remaining plate convergence is absorbed by a few major structures west of Liuchiu Island.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Geological Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 1029/2022tc007234mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mud Diapir or Fault‐Related Fold? On the Development of an Active Mud‐Cored Anticline Offshore Southwestern Taiwan

et al. 2022

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“…On rocky tectonic coasts, data from Holocene marine terraces have been used to constrain the timing, uplift, and source of earthquakes (e.g., Berryman et al, 1989, 2011; Bookhagen et al, 2006; Choi et al, 2020; Gordillo et al, 1992; Litchfield et al, 2020; Liu et al, 2021; Mann et al, 1998; Maouche et al, 2011; Marshall & Anderson, 1995; Martínez et al, 2010; Matsuda et al, 1978; Merritts, 1996; Mouslopoulou et al, 2015; Nelson & Manley, 1992; Ota et al, 1993; Ota & Yamaguchi, 2004; Plafker & Rubin, 1997; Ramos et al, 2012; Rockwell et al, 2016; Rust & Kershaw, 2000; Shyu et al, 2018). Most studies have focused on erosional marine terraces (rather than constructional, coral reef, progradational beach ridges, or valley infill terraces), which have the general form and terminology shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Holocene marine terraces as recorders of earthquake uplift: Insights from a rocky coast in southern Hawke's Bay, New Zealand

Litchfield

Morgenstern

Clark

et al. 2022

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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On rocky tectonic coasts, data from Holocene marine terraces may constrain the timing of coseismic uplift and help identify the causative faults. Challenges in marine terrace investigations include: (1) identifying the uplift datums; (2) obtaining ages that tightly constrain the timing of uplift; (3) distinguishing tsunami deposits from beach deposits on terraces; and (4) identifying missing terraces and hence earthquakes. We address some of these challenges through comparing modern beach sediments and radiocarbon ages with those from a trench excavated across three terraces at Aramoana, central Hikurangi Subduction Margin, New Zealand. Sedimentary analyses identified beach and dune deposits on terraces but could not differentiate specific environments within them. Modern beach shells yielded modern radiocarbon ages, regardless of position or species, showing age inheritance and habitat is likely not an issue when dating shells on these terraces. By integrating terrace mapping, stratigraphy, morphology, and radiocarbon ages we develop a conceptual model of coastal uplift and terrace formation following at least two, possibly three, earthquakes at 5490-5070, 2620-2180, and 950-650 cal. yr BP. A high step and time gap between the upper two terraces raises the possibility that at least one intervening terrace is completely eroded. The trench exposure also showed that terrace stratigraphy may differ from that inferred from surface geomorphology, with apparent beach ridges being of composite origin and draping of younger beach deposits on the outer edge of a previous terrace. Dislocation modelling and comparison of marine terrace and earthquake ages from $4 km south and ≤ 73 km north confirms that the most likely earthquake source is the nearshore, landward-dipping, Kairakau Fault. Alternative sources, such as multi-fault ruptures of the Kairakau-Waim arama faults or Hikurangi subduction earthquakes, and/or a combination of the two are also possible and should be examined in future studies.

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Paleo-earthquake records of the Hengchun offshore structure, southern Taiwan, revealed by uplifted coral colonies

Cited by 2 publications

References 47 publications

Mud Diapir or Fault‐Related Fold? On the Development of an Active Mud‐Cored Anticline Offshore Southwestern Taiwan

Mud Diapir or Fault‐Related Fold? On the Development of an Active Mud‐Cored Anticline Offshore Southwestern Taiwan

Holocene marine terraces as recorders of earthquake uplift: Insights from a rocky coast in southern Hawke's Bay, New Zealand

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