Palaeotethys seawater temperature rise and an intensified hydrological cycle following the end-Permian mass extinction

Schobben, Martin; Joachimski, Michael M.; Korn, Dieter; Leda, Lucyna; Korte, Christoph

doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.019

Cited by 122 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…This influx caused regional eutrophication associated with increasing extents of oxygen minimum zones (33) and euxinic conditions (12) rather than deep bottom water anoxia caused by a stagnant water column. Widespread ocean fertilization and drawdown of water column O 2 levels have been related to an increased influx of terrestrial material (12,33) from soil erosion (34) and enhanced weathering (35) initiated by acid precipitation and destabilization of vegetation and soils (34), global warming, and an associated intensified hydrological cycle at that time (7). The climax of this biogeochemical cascade correlates with the greenhouse warming often associated with coeval Siberian Trap volcanism (2,5).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This event is linked with turmoil in the biogeochemical carbon and sulfur cycles (2)(3)(4), alongside evidence for abrupt climate change and widespread euxinic (free H 2 S) and anoxic water column conditions (5)(6)(7). Climate feedback mechanisms might have affected the biogeochemical cycles and may have spawned large-scale adverse conditions detrimental for many organisms (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Flourishing ocean drives the end-Permian marine mass extinction

Schobben

Stebbins

Ghaderi

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The end-Permian mass extinction, the most severe biotic crisis in the Phanerozoic, was accompanied by climate change and expansion of oceanic anoxic zones. The partitioning of sulfur among different exogenic reservoirs by biological and physical processes was of importance for this biodiversity crisis, but the exact role of bioessential sulfur in the mass extinction is still unclear. Here we show that globally increased production of organic matter affected the seawater sulfate sulfur and oxygen isotope signature that has been recorded in carbonate rock spanning the Permian−Triassic boundary. A bifurcating temporal trend is observed for the strata spanning the marine mass extinction with carbonate-associated sulfate sulfur and oxygen isotope excursions toward decreased and increased values, respectively. By coupling these results to a box model, we show that increased marine productivity and successive enhanced microbial sulfate reduction is the most likely scenario to explain these temporal trends. The new data demonstrate that worldwide expansion of euxinic and anoxic zones are symptoms of increased biological carbon recycling in the marine realm initiated by global warming. The spatial distribution of sulfidic water column conditions in shallow seafloor environments is dictated by the severity and geographic patterns of nutrient fluxes and serves as an adequate model to explain the scale of the marine biodiversity crisis. Our results provide evidence that the major biodiversity crises in Earth's history do not necessarily implicate an ocean stripped of (most) life but rather the demise of certain eukaryotic organisms, leading to a decline in species richness.sulfur cycle | end-Permian mass extinction | primary productivity

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flourishing ocean drives the end-Permian marine mass extinction

Schobben

Stebbins

Ghaderi

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The solid phases entering the model at the top of the sediment stack are set at 730 µmol cm −2 yr −1 for both the OC flux (F OC ) and the carbonate flux (F carb ) in the baseline model, which are typical average shelf sedimentation values (Müller and Suess, 1979;Reimers and Suess, 1983;Sarmiento and Gruber, 2004). For the baseline condition, sedimentation rates (v and w) are fixed at 0.2 cm yr −1 and the δ 13 C composition is set at +5 ‰ (VPDB) based on primary carbon isotope values from pristine preserved brachiopod calcite from the Ali Bashi and Meishan sections, as well as sites in northern Italy Brand et al, 2012b;Schobben et al, 2014). For the bio-mixing and bio-irrigation parameters, the values for the Palaeozoic proposed by Dale et al (2016) were chosen: D b0 = 5 cm 2 yr −1 , z b = 2 cm, α 0 = 50 yr −1 , x irr = 1 cm.…”

Section: Numerical Solutions and Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparatively higher and more spatially variable OC loading of the sea floor in the South China basin under these circumstances might be triggered by enhanced primary productivity or OC sinking fluxes (Algeo et al, 2011. On the other hand, the depositional sites found in Iran lack evidence for bottom water anoxia and favour other drivers behind the marine faunal extinction, e.g., thermal stress or ocean acidification Schobben et al, 2014;Clarkson et al, 2015).…”

Section: The Carbon Isotopic Composition Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Latest Permian carbonate carbon isotope variability traces heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation and authigenic carbonate formation

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Bulk-carbonate carbon isotope ratios are a widely applied proxy for investigating the ancient biogeochemical carbon cycle. Temporal carbon isotope trends serve as a prime stratigraphic tool, with the inherent assumption that bulk micritic carbonate rock is a faithful geochemical recorder of the isotopic composition of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon. However, bulk-carbonate rock is also prone to incorporate diagenetic signals. The aim of the present study is to disentangle primary trends from diagenetic signals in carbon isotope records which traverse the Permian-Triassic boundary in the marine carbonate-bearing sequences of Iran and South China. By pooling newly produced and published carbon isotope data, we confirm that a global first-order trend towards depleted values exists. However, a large amount of scatter is superimposed on this geochemical record. In addition, we observe a temporal trend in the amplitude of this residual δ 13 C variability, which is reproducible for the two studied regions. We suggest that (sub-)sea-floor microbial communities and their control on calcite nucleation and ambient porewater dissolved inorganic carbon δ 13 C pose a viable mechanism to induce bulk-rock δ 13 C variability. Numerical model calculations highlight that early diagenetic carbonate rock stabilization and linked carbon isotope alteration can be controlled by organic matter supply and subsequent microbial remineralization. A major biotic decline among Late Permian bottom-dwelling organisms facilitated a spatial increase in heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation. Combined with low marine sulfate, this resulted in varying degrees of carbon isotope overprinting. A simulated time series suggests that a 50 % increase in the spatial scatter of organic carbon relative to the average, in addition to an imposed increase in the likelihood of sampling cements formed by microbial calcite nucleation to 1 out of 10 samples, is sufficient to induce the observed signal of carbon isotope variability. These findings put constraints on the application of Permian-Triassic carbon isotope chemostratigraphy based on whole-rock samples, which appears less refined than classical biozonation dating schemes. On the other hand, this signal of increased carbon isotope variability concurrent with the largest mass extinction of the Phanerozoic may proPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.

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“…Also, large amounts of strontium from basaltic rocks of the Siberian Traps would have been supplied to the oceans by rapid weathering (Holser & Magaritz 1987;Grard et al 2005). In addition, volcanic aerosols causing acid rain may have accelerated weathering rates (Kozur 1998a, b;Krassilov & Karasev 2009;; see also Visscher et al 2004;Sephton et al 2005;Wignall 2007;Kraus et al 2013;Schobben et al 2014;Sedlacek et al 2014).…”

Section: Permian-triassic Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Permian strontium isotope stratigraphy

Korte

Ullmann

2016

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Abstract:The secular evolution of the Permian seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios carries information about global tectonic processes, palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironments, such as occurred during the Early Permian deglaciation, the formation of Pangaea and the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) mass extinction. Besides this application for discovering geological aspects of Earth history, the marine 87Sr/86Sr curve can also be used for robust correlations when other bio-, litho-and/or chemostratigraphic markers are inadequate. The accuracy of marine 87 Sr/ 86 Sr reconstructions, however, depends on high-quality age control of the reference data, and on sample preservation, both of which generally deteriorate with the age of the studied interval. The first-order Permian seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr trend shows a monotonous decline from approximately 0.7080 in the earliest Permian (Asselian) to approximately 0.7069 in the latest Guadalupian (Capitanian), followed by a steepening increase from the latest Guadalupian towards the P-Tr boundary (c. 0.7071-0.7072) and into the Early Triassic. Various higher-order changes in slope of the Permian 87 Sr/ 86 Sr curve are indicated, but cannot currently be verified owing to a lack of sample coverage and significant disagreement of published 87 Sr/ 86 Sr records.

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Palaeotethys seawater temperature rise and an intensified hydrological cycle following the end-Permian mass extinction

Cited by 122 publications

References 95 publications

Flourishing ocean drives the end-Permian marine mass extinction

Flourishing ocean drives the end-Permian marine mass extinction

Latest Permian carbonate carbon isotope variability traces heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation and authigenic carbonate formation

Permian strontium isotope stratigraphy

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