Palaeontological evidence and sedimentary facies in a lower Miocene (Aquitanian) succession from the Bingöl minibasin (Sivas Basin), Central Anatolia

Abstract

Introduction The Miocene is an epoch in earth history before the development of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet. It was characterised by transgression-regression events leading to the opening and closing of seawater in Europe (Rögl, 1998; Zachos et al., 2001; Meulenkamp and Sissingh, 2003). The early Miocene, which is the main subject of this study, is a critical period between Oligocene mainly "icehouse" climates and the middle Miocene climatic optimum (MMCO) (Flower and Kennet, 1994). Some authors indicated that relatively warm and ice-free conditions persisted during the early Miocene (Zachos et al., 1997; Mosbrugger et al., 2005). Conversely, other authors claimed that this warm period was stopped by several cooling and glaciation events, especially for the high latitudes (

Early Miocene micropalaeontological record of the Aspiras Basin (Kastamonu), north‐west Anatolia, Turkey

“…A similar marine Aquitanian flora from the Karacaören Formation, (Sivas Basin), underlying part of the Karaman Gypsum Member of Ocakoğlu et al (2018), was described by Akkiraz et al (2018) who recorded high quantities of herbs such as Poaceae, Amaranthaceae, Ephedra , Caryophyllaceae, and Asteraceae‐Asteroideae. The pollen assemblages also involve large quantities of undifferentiated Pinaceae, dinoflagellates, and minor proportions of the mangrove taxon Avicennia .…”

“…The same situation holds for the calculations for the central Anatolian basins. The only discrepancy is that the MAP values reconstructed by Akkiraz et al (2018) show drier conditions as evidenced by relatively high quantities of xerophytes such as Ephedra , Chenopodiaceae‐Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, and Asteraceae subf. Asteroideae.…”

“…(Tubuliflorae type) (Asteraceae‐Asteroidae), and Ephedripites sp. (Ephedraceae), reflecting dry conditions raised from the Middle to Late Miocene, especially in the Tortonian (Akgün & Akyol, 1999; Akgün et al, 2002; Akkiraz, 2008; Akkiraz, Akgün, & Örçen, 2009; Akkiraz et al, 2015, 2018; Biltekin, 2017; Ivanov et al, 2002; Kovar‐Eder, J., 1987; Planderová, 1991; Planderová et al, 1992; Şengüler & Akkiraz, 2014; Yavuz‐Işık, Saraç, Ünay, & Burijn, 2011). Low amounts of these taxa suggest that the sediments of the basin were deposited before the Late Miocene.…”

“…Akgün, 1986, 1993; Akgün & Akyol, 1987, 1999; Akgün, Alişan, & Akyol, 1986; Akkiraz, 2011; Akkiraz, Akgün, & Örçen, 2011; Akkiraz et al, 2012, 2015; Bozcu et al, 2015; Emre, Tavlan, Akkiraz, & İşintek, 2011; Kayseri‐Özer, Sözbilir, & Akgün, 2014; Türkmenoğlu & Yavuz‐Işık, 2008; Üçbaş‐Durak & Akkiraz, 2016; Yavuz‐Işık, 2007). However, few published floras are available for the rest of Anatolia where the development of floras is not as well‐known as for western Anatolia (Akgün, Akay, & Erdoğan, 2002; Akkiraz, Kangal, Özgen‐Erdem, Büyükmeriç, & Doğruöz, 2018; Kayseri & Akgün, 2008; Ocakoğlu, Yavuz, Aydın, & Yılmaz, 2018; Sancay, Batı, Işık, Kırıcı, & Akça, 2006; Yavuz‐Işık, 2008). The Aspiras Basin, located north of Kastamonu and forming the main subject of this study, is divided into creeks, side roads, and cultivated areas (Figures 1 and 2).…”

Ekonomik Açıdan Sivas Havzası Doğal Anhidrit Potansiyeli, Rezerv Tahmini ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri, Orta Anadolu, Türkiye

“…The evaporitic deposits of the Sivas basin, which are the subject of this study, contain gypsum, anhydrite, halite, bassanite, selenite and occasional celestine formations and are outcrop in many areas of the basin (Figure 2). In recent years, many studies have been carried out on salt tectonics and hydrocarbon potential in the basin [16,23,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The gypsum, which is outcrop in the northern part of the basin (Şarkışla-Celalli subbasin), is generally included in the Hafik Formation, which also includes sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate levels and consists of lagoonal deposits [26,27].…”