“…We add to a burgeoning literature on the impact of the Mexican War on Drugs and other government crackdowns against criminal organizations in Latin America (see Lessing, 2017, for a survey). Much of this literature emphasizes the unintended consequences of crackdowns such as violence (Ríos, 2013;Dube and Naidu, 2015;Calderón et al, 2015;Lindo and Padilla-Romo, 2018;Daniele et al, 2020), refugee out-migration (Rios, 2014;Orozco-Aleman and Gonzalez-Lozano, 2017), and even increases in drug production (Prem, Vargas, and Mejía, Prem et al). Importantly, the adverse effects of targeted enforcement policies may spill over to other regions within the same country, as they did in Mexico (Dell, 2015), and even to other countries, as occurred when cocaine seizures in Colombia increased conflict among Mexican drug cartels (Mejia and Restrepo, 2016;.…”