“…Since pepsinogen is secreted by the stomach, it is not affected by short-term diet or other external conditions and enters the bloodstream through the gastric mucosa. [4][5][6][7] Therefore, the level of PG I in the serum of each individual is relatively stable and accurately reects the morphological and functional status of the gastric mucosa. Numerous studies have shown that changes in serum pepsinogen concentration are associated with diseases such as Helicobacter pylori infection, peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, and gastric cancer.…”