“…PNE has shown positive results on the kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, pain intensity, disability, and physical performance in patients with CLBP ( Moseley, Nicholas & Hodges, 2004 ; Ryan et al, 2010 ; Louw et al, 2011 ; Malfliet et al, 2017 ; Rufa, Beissner & Dolphin, 2018 ; Núñez Cortés et al, 2023a ; Nuñez Cortés et al, 2023b ). A recent meta-analysis has shown that the in-group PNE had better results than individual PNE for kinesiophobia ( Romm et al, 2021 ), and it has been identified, in other types of health education, that there are greater benefits in those people who received the in-group intervention ( Riemsma, Taal & Rasker, 2003 ), probably supported by the fact that educational sessions conducted in-group modality can facilitate learning through social observation of positive behaviors exhibited by other members within the group ( Romm et al, 2021 ; Salazar-Méndez et al, 2024 ). However, there are no primary studies comparing the two PNE modalities directly.…”