Pain Interference in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury: Classification of Mild, Moderate, and Severe Pain

Hanley, Marisol A.; Masedo, Ana I.; Jensen, Mark P.; Cardenas, Diana D.; Turner, Judith A.

doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.09.011

Cited by 64 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This study found little evidence that veterans with SCI are at greater risk for pain-related problems than nonveterans with SCI. Veterans in this sample showed pain intensity scores in the moderate range [33], comparable to scores reported by nonveterans in this sample and to veterans with SCI in other reports [34]. Lack of significant differences in pain intensity between veterans and nonveterans was inconsistent with our hypotheses but was consistent with findings from the one prior study we are aware of that compared veterans and nonveterans with SCI on pain intensity [14].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Pain among veterans with spinal cord injury

Ullrich

Jensen

Loeser

et al. 2008

JRRD

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Abstract-The Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans HealthAdministration cares for approximately 15% of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States. However, the nature and characteristics of pain among veterans with SCI are not well understood. This study used a postal survey to compare veterans with SCI and nonveterans with SCI on pain intensity; pain interference; functioning; and other pain, demographic, and medical characteristics. Veterans tended to be older than nonveterans but these groups were otherwise comparable on demographic and medical variables. Veterans were not significantly different from nonveterans on pain intensity or pain interference. Veterans reported lower levels of functioning than nonveterans and higher levels of pain-related catastrophizing. However, differences in functioning between veterans and nonveterans were attributable to age differences between the groups. In summary, differences between veterans with SCI and nonveterans with SCI were few and small in magnitude, suggesting that veterans with SCI are not at greater risk for pain and pain-related problems. However, pain-related catastrophizing may be a particular concern among veterans with SCI.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Pain among veterans with spinal cord injury

Ullrich

Jensen

Loeser

et al. 2008

JRRD

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“…17 Pain interference levels in this sample were comparable to levels found in our prior work with persons with SCI. 14,16 An important finding from this study was that SCI level was associated with the presence of pain, but not with pain intensity or interference. Although the shoulder was one of the most common pain sites identified by participants, regardless of level of injury, persons with higher level injuries were more likely to report upper extremity pain than were persons with paraplegic injuries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Pain intensity, pain interference and characteristics of spinal cord injury

et al. 2008

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Study Design: Postal survey. Objectives: To examine if the intensity of pain in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) varied as a function of pain site, and to identify the patient and SCI characteristics associated with pain location, pain intensity and pain interference in a sample of persons with SCI. Setting: Community sample, United States. Methods: A postal survey including measures of pain intensity, pain interference, other pain, demographic and medical characteristics was completed by 238 adults with SCI. Results: Average pain intensity was moderate and pain was common across the body. Demographic and medical variables, including SCI level, were generally not associated with pain prevalence, intensity and interference. However, persons with higher level injuries were more likely to report upper extremity pain than persons with paraplegic injuries. The lower body was the location of the highest pain ratings. Conclusion: Persons with SCI tend to experience high pain intensity over multiple body locations. Lower body pain was as common as upper extremity pain, but tended to be more intense.

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“…In the SCI population, chronic pain is typically not one entity but often many types of pains [2,[6][7][8][9][14][15], each with, perhaps, its own set of pain-generating and painmaintaining mechanisms [24]. If a person has more than one type of pain, identifying the separate characteristics of these pains is important, since treatment responses for each pain type may differ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of chronic pain has been reported to decrease quality of life after SCI [2,[10][11][12] and to frequently interfere with both sleep and common daily activities [2,[5][6]8,13]. Chronic pain in individuals with SCI is particularly problematic because several types of pain may exist simultaneously [2,[6][7][8][9][14][15], and many of these pains are refractory to currently available treatments [8,[16][17][18][19][20][21]. Because pain in this patient population is heterogeneous and persons with SCI often present with more than one type of pain, each pain should be evaluated separately to the extent possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic pain after spinal cord injury: What characteristics make some pains more disturbing than others?

Felix¹,

Cruz-Almeida

Widerström-Noga

2007

JRRD

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Abstract-Different types of pain are often present in the same individual with spinal cord injury (SCI). Relieving the most disturbing of these pains may substantially affect quality of life. Persons with SCI and chronic pain (n = 194) completed a structured interview that detailed the characteristics of each pain they experienced. Pairwise analyses revealed that the following characteristics were more common among the most disturbing pains: "sharp"; "stabbing"; located at the level of injury; frequently aggravated; and having high intensity, unpleasantness, constancy, interference, and neuropathic painlike features. A conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the combination of "sharp" and high pain intensity, interference, aggravation, and constancy significantly predicted the most disturbing pain (p < 0.001). This study suggests that, in addition to pain intensity, factors such as interference, quality, aggravation, and constancy of pain are important to consider when one evaluates SCI-related pain, since these symptoms may indicate pains that are particularly disturbing to an individual with SCI.

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Pain Interference in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury: Classification of Mild, Moderate, and Severe Pain

Cited by 64 publications

References 29 publications

Pain among veterans with spinal cord injury

Pain among veterans with spinal cord injury

Pain intensity, pain interference and characteristics of spinal cord injury

Chronic pain after spinal cord injury: What characteristics make some pains more disturbing than others?

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